Unit 2
Text study: Classification
of Robots.
Additional
Text: Man/Machine
Interfax.
Grammar: direct, indirect speech
1.
Repeat the words in chorus:
Configuration,
continuous-path,
pneumatic,manipulator, angular, moulding, microprocessor-controlled, tool-handling.
2.
While reading the text you will come across a number of international words.
Try to guess what Ukrainian words they remind of you:
Electromechanical, number, position, to operate, typical, hydraulic, system, control, cylindrical,
spherical, plastic, stamping, press, abrasive, sensor.
3.
Pay attention to some grammatical points:
1) The "multi-point" PTP robot
permits the control to stop each axis or manipulator at any point
within its total range, rather that at only two, or a few, points. 2) CP robots operate, in theory, in an infinite
number of points in space, than, when jointed, describe a smooth compound curve. 3) The simplest
of the above mentioned robots are
those operated by pneumatics with fixed cycle control. 4) Industrial robots are being used for a wide variety of tasks in
factories,
shops and foundries around the world.
II. Reading
Read the text and be ready to find in the text the answers
to the following questions:
·
What are the two basic
types of industrial robots?
·
What tasks can
industrial robots perform at enterprises?
Classification
of Robots
The number of types of electromechanical robots is continually
increasing. The typical features of each type of an industrial robot are as
follows: the type of drive and control system, the type of coordinate configuration system in which the manipulator
works, the number of degrees of freedom, load capacity, repeatability, the
number of manipulators, etc.
From the control standpoint there are two basic types of industrial
robots: point-to-point (PTP) and continuous-path (CP). The simplest case of PTP
robots is the "two-point" or cycle robot, where each axis of this robot can generally move to
only two positions. The "multi-point" PTP robot permits the
control to stop each axis or manipulator
at any point within its total range, rather that at only two, or a few, points. CP robots operate, in theory,
in an infinite number of points in space, than, when jointed, describe a
smooth compound curve. "Multi-point" PTP robots and
CP robots are also called "servo-controlled" robots.
Drive is a typical feature of robots. Robots can
be driven by pneumatic, hydraulic and electro-mechanical drives. The simplest of the
above mentioned robots are those operated by pneumatics with fixed cycle
control. Most of them have electrical control systems but there are also
examples of complete pneumatically controlled models.
Hydraulic robots occupy second place in industrial application. As a rule, these are universal
robots with one manipulator, covering the load capacity of 20-
Industrial robots are being used for a wide
variety of tasks in factories, shops and foundries around the world. Robots unload parts
from die casting machines and plastic injection moulding machines. They load and
unload parts at machine tools and stamping presses; transfer parts from die to die or from press to press. In die casting
and plastic injection moulding operations, robot may unload a single machine or as many as three machines. In machine
tool loading and unloading, the robot may also tend more than one
machine - loading and unloading each in
turn, or on demand and transferring parts from machine to machine, as well as
placing parts in gages for dimensional checking.
In forging operations, robots are used to transfer hot billets from furnaces to forging presses to transfer
parts from die to die in successive forming operations and to handle hot
and cold parts in trimming operations. Robots are also used in casting clean-up
operations, handling cutting torches or abrasive cut-off wheels to remote gates
and risers and for grinding flash from parting lines.
Continuous path servo-controlled robots are
used for spraying a wide variety of parts and materials; for spot and arc
welding. Robots are used for drilling and grinding, handling either the parts or a power
tool.
In assembly operations, the
microprocessor-controlled robot with sensory feedback capability performs the
complex part and tool-handling tasks.
Vocabulary Notes
drive [draIv] — привід
the number of degrees of freedom — число (кількість) ступенів вільності
repeatability [rI"pJtq'bIlItI] — повторюваність
manipulator [mq'nIpjVleItq] — маніпулятор
standpoint ['stxndpOInt] — точка
зору
point-to-point control — позиційне управління
continuous-path control — контурне
управління
two-point — двоточковий
multi-point — багатоточковий
rather … that — а не
smooth
[smHD] — плавний
compound curve ['kPmpaVnd kWv] —складна крива
angulair coordinate system ['xNgjVlq] — кутова система коердинат
cartesian coordinate system
[kR'tJzIqn] — декартова система координат
foundry ['fandrI] — ливарний
цех
casting ['kRstIN] — лиття
injection moulding [In'dZekS(q) 'mqVldIN] — лиття
під тиском пластмас
die [daI] — пресформа
die casting — лиття металів під тиском
gage (gauge) [geIdZ] — вимірювальний пристрій
dimensional [da'menS()nql] — що
має вимір, просторовий
forging ['fLdZIN] — кування
handle — керувати (машиною)
trimming ['tImIN] — обрізка
clean-up — очистка виликів
torch [tLC] — паяльна
лампа
cut-off-wheel — відрізний круг
gate — живильник (в ливарній
формі)
Comprehension
1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1). Load capacity is one of
the typical
features of any type of an industrial robot. 2). Each axis of a cycle robot can
move to only one position. 3). PTP robots and CP robots are called
"self-controlled" robots. 4). Robots
can operate by means of electro-pneumatic drives. 5). Universal robots have one manipulator, load
capacity of 20-
2. Choose the right answer:
1). How are "multi-point" PTP robots and CP robots called?
a).
"point-to-point" robots;
b).
"servo-controlled" robots;
c).
"continuous-path" robots.
2). What is a drive?
a). a load capacity;
b).a fixed cycle
control;
c). a typical feature of robots.
3). What is a role
of hydraulic robots in industry?
a). they occupy the
second place in industrial application;
b). they are of no
use in industry;
c). they operate, in theory, in an infinite number of points
in space.
4). What system can some
robots operate in?
a). they can work in
loading and unloading system;
b). they can work
in assembly operations system;
c).
they can work in angular coordinate system as well as in cylindrical, spherical
and cartesian systems.
5). What are CP
servo-controlled robots used for?
a). they are used for trimming operations;
b). they are used for spot and arc welding;
c). they are used for for dimensional checking.
6). What robot performs
the complex part and tool-handling tasks in assembly operations?
a). industrial robot;
b).
"multi-point" PTP robot;
c). microprocessor-controlled robot with sensory
feedback capability.
3. Complete the sentences:
1) The typical features of each type of an industrial robot are … . 2) The simplest case of PTP robots is …
. 3) The "multi-point"
PTP robot permits … . 4) Robots can be driven by … . 5) Hydraulic
robots occupy … . 6) Industrial
robots are being used for … . 7) Continuous path servo-controlled robots are used
for … .
4. Complete the sentences (A) choosing the
required words or word combinations from list (B). Read and translate
them.
A 1)
The places where robots can be used are ...
2) Job functions performed by
the robot are ...
3)
There are various types of operations in which the
robot performs different functions. They are ...
В shops, to unload
parts, machine tools, grind, factories, to load parts, foundry, to transfer
parts, to handle parts, trimming, to spray parts, stamping presses, to place
parts in gages, forming, forging, casting clean-up, to drill, to weld,
assembly.
5. Answer the questions:
1) What are the typical features of
each type of an industrial robot? 2) What is the principle according to which
industrial robots are subdivided into PTP and CP robots? 3) How can robots be usually driven? 4) What
is the load capacity of hydraulic robots? 5) What kind of coordinate system can
different robots work in? 6) What tasks can
robots perform in factories, shops and foundries around the world? 7)
What can robots do in forging
operations? 8) How are robots used in casting clean-up operations? 9) What are continuous path servo-controlled robots used for?
10) What operations do microprocessor-controlled robots perform?
6. Read the
sentences from the text which illustrate the following statements:
1). Robots are used
in different places. 2). Robots are used for various operations. 3). Robots may
perform different numbers of operations. 4). Robots are widely used in forging
operations. 5). There are some types of robots which are used for spraying and
assembly operations.
*7. Try to tell the gist of the text.
Word
Study
1. Give Ukrainian
equivalents of the following.
electromechanical
robots, typical features, type of drive, number
of degrees of freedom, number of manipulators, axis, infinite number of points, smooth compound curve, above
mentioned, fixed cycle control, pneumatically controlled, industrial application, die casting machines, plastic
injection moulding, hot billets, abrasive cut-off wheels.
2. Give English
equivalents of the following.
Повторюваність, з точки
зору контролю, циклічний робот, пневматичний привід, гідравлічний привід,
приводити в дію, електрична система контролю, пневматично контрольована модель,
переміщати від пресу до пресу, розвантажувати до трьох машин, на вимогу, точкове
та аркове зварювання, кувальні операції, складальні операції, можливість
сенсорного живлення.
3. Match the words in A with their synonyms in B:
A B
Basic little
Permit do
Few enterprise
Number main
Industry allow
Perform quantity
4. Make
up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
Model: to use, operations, to be, in, robots,
manufacturing. - Robots are used in
manufacturing operations.
1). The, PTP, simplest,
robots, case, of, to be, the, robot, "two-point". 2). Two, there,
industrial, to be, robots, of, types, basic. 3). Robots, of, drive, to be, feature, a, typical. 4). Control, to
have, most, systems, of, electrical, robots. 5). Second, to occupy, in,
hydraulic, application, robots,
place, industrial. 6). Casting,
robots, from, to unload, and, parts, injection, die, machines, moulding,
machines, plastic. 7). Used, drilling, for, robots,
to be, grinding, and.
5. Look through the
text again. Describe the types of robots choosing the correct word. Complete
the sentences if necessary.
There are two (basic, basis) types of industrial
robots from the control standpoint. They are ... . Some robots
work in the (angle, angular) coordinate system. There are also robots working
in the (cylinder, cylindrical), (sphere,
spherical) and cartesian systems. Drive is a
(type, typical) feature of robots. Robots can be driven by (pneumatic,
pneumatically, hydraulic) and (mechanics, electro-mechanical) drives.
6. Translate
sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary
Notes.
1). Промислові роботи виконують велику кількість
задач на підприємствах. 2). Роботи можуть завантажувати деталі на станки або на
штампувальні преси. 3). Роботів з контурним сервоуправлінням можна
використовувати для точкового та дугового зварювання. 4). Тип приводу та
системи контролю, число ступенів вільності та координаційна система
конфігурації є типовими рисами промислового робота. 5). Кожна вісь двоточкового
робота може рухатись лише у двох положеннях. 6). Роботи з сенсорними зворотнім
живленням використовують для складальних операцій.
Grammar in Use
1. Supply the
correct form of the verb
1) The teacher said that the word “robot” (to come) from the
Old Slav word "robu", which (to mean) a servant. 2) We hope that
robots (to fill) the gap between special-purpose automation and human
endeavour. 3) She supposed that handling operations (to occur) in practically
all production processes. 4) Everybody knows that a major advance in the
twenty-first century manufacturing (to be) the development of mass production techniques.
5) People believe that each manufacturing
process (to be) automated in the nearest future. 6) I always thought that
automation (to be) first applied to industry in continuous-process manufacturing.
2. Change direct
speech into indirect
1) I
asked: “What is the major development in
manufacturing in the twenty-first century?”. 2)
They said: “The present day stage of automation is based on the revolution in
computer technology, in computerization of the whole national economy.” 3) The
scientists promised: “In the ultimate automated factory there will be few, if
any, operators or quality control inspectors.” 4) The students asked: “What was a later development in
industrial automation?” 5) He concluded: “The necessity of some form of
automated handling processes became obvious.” 6) They declared: “According to
available data, our industry receives annually thousands of robots of different
types and purposes.”
Additional Text
(for individual work)
Read and translate
the text.
Man/Machine Interfaсe
Life
in the automated factory is based on communications. Sensors gather data,
computers send commands, PCs control machines and
management. It makes decisions based of data from these devices. Sensors,
computers, processors and man must all talk to each other.
There have been a number of recent developments in
machine-to-machine
interfaces. Networks, hardware and software that allow various processors to
share and exchange data, are moving into the factory. These networks are
connecting whole processors together, allowing more flexibility and control of
manufacturing.
A
major problem with networks, though, is interfacing processors that do not use
the same language. Rules are being developed
that will make it easier for these different processors to communicate.
Man-to-machine
communications have seen dramatic developments.
The computer is no longer an unyielding, unforgiving device that insists
you conform to its method of working. The computer has become friendly, even
inviting. Complex mnemonics and performing functions in a specific sequence
have been replaced with graphic
representations commands and cursor device know as a mouse. Now, getting a
computer to perform a function is as easy as pointing your finger to the
graphic representation of the function you want performed and pressing a
button on the mouse. And programs exist for all types of business needs
including teaching someone unfamiliar with computers how to run one.
A new
technology that's also making it easier for man to interface with machines is
speech recognition. Here, you enter information
into a machine with your voice; a device in the machine translates the
sounds into signals the computer or machine can work with. This method of
entering data is faster and more accurate than using a keyboard to enter
information.
1. Divide the text into the
logical parts and give a title to each one.
2. Put questions to
the text.
3. Discuss it with
your groupmates.