Unit 1
Text study: Robots
in Industry.
Additional Text: History and Definition of Robots.
Grammar: WISH sentences
1.
Repeat the words in chorus:
Manufacturing
operations, material-handling, to require, arrangement, to utilize, to design,
satisfactory, suitable, screw, to substitute, cycle, hazardous.
2.
While reading the text you will come across a number of international words.
Try to guess what Ukrainian words they remind of you:
Robot,
operation, category, inspection, machine, conveyor, geometry, to manipulate,
automobile, typical, characteristics.
3.
Pay attention to some grammatical points:
1) Material-transfer
applications require the robot to move
materials or work parts from one to another. 2) Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. 3) This requires the robot to be equipped with a
gripper. 4) The use of robots in assembly is
expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labour.
II. Reading
Read the text and be ready to find in the text the answers
to the following questions:
·
What are the three
applications of robots?
·
What operations can
robots perform insteard of people?
Robots in Industry
Today most robots
are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided
into. three categories:
1.
material handling
2.
processing operations
3.
assembly and inspection.
Material-handling
is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines.
Material-transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work
parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots
pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer
operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can
be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a
robot to load and unload parts. This
requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts.
Usually the gripper must be designed specifically for the particular part
geometry.
In processing
operations robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part.
Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding and
spray painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common
applications of industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder against
the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous
process in which robot moves the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray
painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the
object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and
polishing in which a rotating spindle serves as the robot's tool.
The third
application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of
robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual
labour. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic
assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans are not always
suitable for robots. Screws and nuts are widely used for fastening in manual
assembly, but the same operations are extremely difficult for a one-armed
robot.
Inspection is
another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is
growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect
to the work part and determines whether the part answers the quality
specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot
provides a substitute for human labour. There are certain characteristics of
industrial jobs performed by humans that can be done by robots:
1.
the operation is repetitive, involving the same basic
work motions every cycle,
2. the operation is
hazardous or uncomfortable for the human worker (for example: spray painting,
spot welding, arc welding, and certain machine loading and unloading tasks),
3. the workpiece or
tool are too heavy and difficult to handle,
4. the operation allows
the robot to be used on two or three shifts.
Vocabulary Notes
handling ['hxndlIN] —
переробка,
обробка
transfer [trxns'fW] — переміщення; переміщати
parts — деталі
utilize ['jHtIlaIz]
—
використовувати
gripper ['grIpq] — затискач
grasp [grRsp] — затискати
spot welding [spPt
'weldIN] — точечне зварювання
arc welding [Rk
'weldIN] — дугове зварювання
spray painting — фарбування з
пульверизатора, аерозольне фарбування
automobile body — кузов автомобіля
frame [freIm] — пристосовувати, збирати,
монтувати
welding rod ['weldIN rPd] — зварювальний стрижень
welding seam ['weldIN sJm]
— зварний шов
spray-painting gun — пістолет-розпилювач
(фарби)
coat — покривати шаром (фарби)
grinding [graIndIN] — шліфування
polishing ['pPlISIN]
—
полірування
spindle ['spIndl]
— вісь, вал,
шпиндель
tool — інструмент
screw [skrH] — гвинт
nut — гайка
fastening ['fRsnIN] —
скріплення
Comprehension
1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1) The applications of robots can be restricted to thirty categories. 2)
Material-handling applications require the robot to move work parts from one to
another. 3) Placing parts in an arrangement is a rather complex operation
performed by robots. 4) As a rule it’s needless to design the gripper
specifically for the particular part geometry. 5) Arc welding is a process in
which a machine moves the welding rod along the welding seam. 6) The use of
robots in assembly will decrease increase because of the excess of manual
labour. 7) A robot can substitute human labour in almost all industrial
applications.
2. Choose the right answer:
1) What do
material-transfer applications require?
a) they require the robot to substitute human workers;
b) they require the robot to put the work parts on propper
places;
c) they require the robot to move materials or work parts from
one to another.
2) What do machine
loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to do?
a) to transfer the work parts on propper places;
b) to load and unload parts;
c) to inspekt the quality of the work parts.
3) What does robot do in
processing operations?
a) it positions a sensor;
b) it manipulates a tool;
c) it elevates heavy loads.
4) What is arc
welding?
a) a process in which robot moves the welding rod along the
welding seam;
b) a process in which robot covers the work parts with the
paint spray;
c) a process in which robot performs grinding and polishing.
5) Why is the use
of robots in assembly expected to increase?
a) because of increase of the number of robots in industry;
b) because of decrease of people in the world;
c) because of the high cost of manual labour.
3. Complete the sentences:
1) Most robots are used in … .
2) Material-handling is … . 3) Material-transfer
requires … . 4) In processing operations robot
manipulates … . 5) The use of robots in assembly is
expected to … . 6) In a typical inspection job, the
robot … .
4. Answer the questions:
1) What are the three applications of robots in manufacturing
processes? 2) What is material-handling? 3) How does a robot perform
processing operations? 4) How does a robot fulfill spot welding of automobile
bodies? 5) How is arc welding performed by means of a robot? 6) What is spray painting? 7) What is an important aspect of
robotic assembly? 8) What does the
robot do in a typical
inspection job? 9) What characteristics
of industrial jobs performed by humans can be done by robots?
5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the
sentences containing the following important information:
·
material handling
· processing
operations
· assembly and inspection.
*6. Try to tell the gist of the text.
Word
Study
1. Give Ukrainian
equivalents of the following.
manufacturing operations, assembly and inspection, transfer
operations placing in arrangement, gripper, to manipulate a tool, spot
welder, welding seam, spray painting, one-armed robot, industrial job.
2. Give English
equivalents of the following.
Застосування роботів, відносно
простий, операції по навантаженню та розвантаженню, бути обладнаним, бути
розробленим для …, операції по обробці, розпилювання фарби, ручна праця, висока
вартість, методи складання, надзвичайно важкий, відповідати якісним показникам,
небезпечна операція.
3. Match the words in A with their synonyms in B:
A B
comfortable easy
hazardous vehicle
characteristics difficult
work part convenient
utilization features
automobile detail
perform to
demand
require class
complex application
simple to do
category dangerous
4. Make
up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
Model: to use, operations, to be, in, robots,
manufacturing. - Robots are used in
manufacturing operations.
1) to be, over, spray,
the manipulation, of a spray-painting gun, of, painting the surface, the
object, to be coated. 2). work parts, robot, or, to move, to another,
materials, from one. 3). widely, for, assembly, screws, to be, in, manual,
nuts, and, to use, fastening. 4). To place, conveyor,
robots, one, to pick up, on, them, parts, another, from, and. 5). operations, to load, machine, and, a robot, loading, parts, to utilize, unloading, and, to
unload. 6). human, a substitute, the
robot, for, to provide, labour. 7). a process, which, arc, to be, the welding
rod, in, welding, continuous, robot, along, to move, the welding seam.
5. Translate
sentences into English using words and word combinations from the Vocabulary
Notes.
1). Роботи використовуються для виконання важкої та
небезпечної праці. 2). Деякі роботи обладнані спеціальними затискачами, щоб
утримувати деталі машин. 3). На автомобільних підприємствах роботи фарбують
кузови машин, покриваючи їх шаром фарби із пістолетів-розпилювачів. 4). На
теперішній час не всі методи складання доступні роботам. 5). Через високу
вартість людської праці кількість промислових роботів на підприємствах постійно
зростає. 6). Роботи можуть виконувати дугове зварювання, рухаючи зварюальний
стрижень вздовжзварювального шову.
Grammar in Use
1. Read the
following sentences. What wishes would you make corresponding to the words in
bold?
Model: Your
scanner has broken down so you have
to type the text. – I wish I
didn’t have to type the text.
1) You want to use
the computer, but you can’t remember the
password. 2) You have got some graphical work to do but there isn’t a propper computer program
installed in your computer. 3) You
didn’t save the file and all the data were lost. 4) You wanted to send e-mail
message but you didn’t remember the
address. 5) You can’t connect to the Internet because you don’t have a broadband connection.
2. Complete the
sentences with two to five words including the word in brackets.
Model: My
friend regrets spending so much time playing computer games (had). – My friend wishes he hadn’t spent so much
time playing computer games.
1) Why don’t you
stop spending your money on useless devices? (wish) I ___________ spending your money on useless devices.
2) You should have
the Internet at home because of its huge wealth of knowledge. (wish) I ________ have the Internet at home.
3) Why don’t you
install the newest antivirus program? (wish) I
___________ install the newest antivirus program.
3. Correct the
mistakes
1) I wish I would
get the access to these data now. 2) I wish you will help me with this
software. 3) I wish I found this information yesterday. 4) I wish I will buy
the newest desk-top in a month.
Additional Text
(for individual work)
Read
and translate the text.
History and Definition of Robots
Handling operations occur in practically all production processes. At
first they were carried out manually, but then the development of hardware
components made it possible to relieve people from the necessity of handling
heavy loads.
From this standpoint the industrial robot is not something supernatural.
It is only the most perfect form of the technique used in handling processes.
Their purpose is not only to substitute or imitate manual actions of human
beings, but also to perform production processes more quickly and better than a
man.
Robots fill the gap between special-purpose automation and human
endeavour. They have demonstrated an ability to perform work that requires
simple repetitive motions and, therefore, can relieve hirnan operators from
hazardous or monotonous tasks.
Terms like "teachable" and "programme-controlled"
often are applied to robots. However, robots are best understood in terms of
their real capabilities. Essentially, they are "off-the-shelf automation.
It's the robot's ability to be easily taught or reprogrammed that distinguishes
it from other types of automated handling equipment.
Robot
is one of the very few Slav words (in this case Czech) borrowed in the
different languages. It comes from the Old Slav word "robu", which
means a servant. In modern Slav, the word "robotnik" means workman
and is linked to the Russian word for work "robota".
1. Divide the text
into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
2. Look through the text
again. Give the main points of each passage of the text: Use: ''deals
with" + word combinations given below.
E.g. The first (second, third, fourth ...) passage of the text deals with ...
The robot's abilities, the terms applied to robots, the aim of the
robot's application, the functions of the robot, the history of the word
"robot".
3. Discuss it with
your groupmates.