Unit
4
Text Study. Online Services
Additional Text. Microsoft Internet Explorer.
Grammar: Non-finnite forms of the verb. Revision
Text Study
1. Repeat the words in
chorus:
Particular, entirely, subjective,judgments, to
judge, advantages, elsewhere, to be interlinked, circuit, multiplexor,
incompatible.
2. While reading the text you
will come across a number of international words. Try to guess what Ukrainian
words they remind of you:
Files, absolute,
individual, product, electrical, signal, code, telephone, microphone, modem,
channel, control, protocols.
3. Pay attention to some
grammatical points:
1) Still users tend to be loyal to their ‘home’ online
service - which is usually the first online service they ever used. 2) Keep an
open mind when checking out an
online service. 3) It takes a couple
of sessions to shake preconceived
notions of what an online service ‘should’ be.
II.
Reading
Read the text and be ready to find in the text the answers to the
following questions:
Online Services
Many people ask
which online is ‘best’, but the answer is there is no best. Rating of a
particular service over another is entirely subjective. Price is important to
some people, while the number of files available for download is important to
others. Because of these and so many other different judgments, there can be no
absolute. It all comes down to individual needs and preferences.
Still users tend to
be loyal to their ‘home’ online service - which is usually the first online
service they ever used. They tend to judge all other online services based on
this first service - often preventing themselves from
seeing the advantages of a specific service. There are many online services.
Each offers one or more products or features that either do not exist elsewhere
or are superior to the same features on other services.
So the real answer
to the question is simple: the best online service is the service that has what
you want and is easy for you to use. Keep an open mind when checking out an
online service. Judge is based on what it offers and how it meets your needs -
not in comparison to what you are used to using. It takes a couple of sessions
to shake preconceived notions of what an online service ‘should’ be.
Eventually, we are all going to be interlinked, no matter which service we use.
Until then, most of us have to go to more than one service to find everything
we need.
Data
Transmission
An
acoustic coupler converts the electrical signals from the computer into a coded sound
signal which is picked up by the telephone microphone. It then works as a
modem.
A
modem can covert a digital bit stream into an analog signal over an analog
communication channel (telephone circuit). It then converts incoming analog
signals back into digital signals.
A
cluster controller may control several terminals in one location,
connecting each of them to a modem. This connection is made on a shared line
basis.
A
multiplexor receives multiple signals from various terminals and combines them in
dataframes for transmission on a single high-speed line to the computer. In the
computer the dataframes are then separated again.
A
gateway interconnects two or more networks, enabling data transfers to be made.
It may act as a translator between incompatible networks, protocols, or
software.
Vocabulary Notes
rating ['reItIN] — оцінка
subjective [sqb'GekIv] — суб’єктивний
judgment ['GAGmqnt] — судження
to come down — зводити(сь), доходити
до
preferences ['prqfqrqnsIz]— вподобання
to tend to — схилятися, мати тенденцію
loyal ['lOIql] — вірний, відданий
to prevent [prI'vent] — запобігати
elsewhere ['els'wFq] — (десь) в іншому місті
superior to [sjH'pIqrIq] — перевершувати (щось)
in
comparison to [kqm'pxrIsn] — порівняно з
preconceived ['prJkqn'sJvd] — складений заздалегідь
eventually [I'venCqlI] — в результаті, в
кінцевому рахунку, зрештою
acoustic coupler [q'kHstIk 'kAplq] — акустичний з’єднувач
modem — модем
telephone circuit ['sWkIt] — телефонна мережа
cluster controller ['klAstq 'kqn'trqulq] — контролер кластера
multiplexor ['mAltI"plFksq]
— мультиплексор (multiplexor, multiplexer, MUX) - прилад, який об’єднує кілька
вузькосмугових (низькошвидкісних) комунікаційних каналів у широкосмуговий або
високошвидкісний канал.
dataframe — широкосмуговий канал
gateway ['geItweI] — міжмережевий шлюз (програмно-апаратний засіб, який реалізує трансляцію одного мережного протоколу в інший, що дозволяє об'єднати мережі з різними протоколами, і завдяки чому між ними стає можливий
обмін даними).
incompatible ["Inkqm'pxtqbl] — несумісний
Comprehension
1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1) Rating of a particular service over another is quite
objective. 2) Users want to change their ‘home’ online service to more
convenient one. 3) Very often users don’t want to see the advantages of another
service. 4) The service that has what you want and is
easy for you to use, is considered to be the best one. 5) We needn’t use more
than one service to find everything we need. 6) A modem can convert incoming
analog signals back into digital signals. 7) A cluster controller may act as a
translator between incompatible networks, protocols, or software.
2. Choose the right answer:
1) What is the attitude of
users to their ‘home’ online service?
a) they
tend to change the best one;
b) they
tend to be loyal;
c) they
don’t care.
2) What should be taken into
consideration while choosing a service?
a) you
should know what the service offers and how it meets your needs;
b) you
should know which online is ‘best’;
c) you
should know the advantages of a specific service.
3) Can one online service
satisfy all our needs?
a) most
of us have to be loyal to our ‘home’ online service;
b) most
of us have to prevent ourselves from seeing the advantages of a specific
service;
c) we
should go to more than one service to find everything we need.
4) How does an acoustic
coupler operate?
a) it
combines the electrical signals in dataframes for transmission on a single
high-speed line;
b) it
converts the electrical signals from the computer into a coded sound signal;
c) it
coverts a digital bit stream into an analog signal.
5) How does a cluster
controller operate?
a) it
converts incoming analog signals back into digital signals.
b) it
operates as a translator between incompatible networks;
c) it
controls several terminals in one location, connecting each of them to a modem.
6) How does a gateway operate?
a) it
separates dataframes;
b) it
interconnects two or more networks;
c) it
works as a modem.
3. Complete the sentences:
1) The users tend to judge … . 2) Each online service offers … .
3) The best online service is … . 4) Keep an open mind
when … . 5) Most of us have to go to more than one
service to … . 6) A modem can … .
7) A multiplexor receives … .
4. Answer the questions:
1) Why is the question about
the ‘best’ online service rather debatable? 2) Why do users tend to be loyal to
their ‘home’ online service? 3) What must you take into account when checking
out an online service? 4) Why should we go to more than one service? 5) What
devices of data transmission do you know? 6) How does a modem operate? 7) How
does a multiplexor operate? What device may act as a translator between
incompatible networks?
5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the
sentences containing the following important information:
*6.
Try to tell the gist of the text.
Word Study
1. Give Ukrainian
equivalents of the following.
available for download, online
service, to be superior, a couple of sessions, to convert electrical signals,
to work as a modem, a digital bit stream, telephone circuit, a cluster
controller, terminals in one location, a shared line basis, multiple signals,
to combine in dataframes , to enable data transfers.
2. Give English equivalents
of the following.
Змінити на більш зручну (послугу), переваги
послуги, особисті потреби і вподобання, різні судження, бути легким у
використанні, бути взаємопов’язаним, передача даних, перетворювати
електросигнали на закодовані звукові (сигнали), мікрофон телефону, аналоговий
сигнал, перетворювати вхідні сигнали, отримувати множинні сигнали,
високошвидкісна лінія, несумісне програмне забезпечення.
3. Match the words in A with their synonyms in B:
A B
many every
people personal
particular interconnected
number a
lot of
individual men
usually certain
to see to
desire
each quantity
to offer to
watch
to want as
a rule
interlinked to
suggest
4. Make
up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
Model: steps, manufacturing, development, several,
had, in, automated, its. - Automated
manufacturing had several steps in its development.
1) ‘home’,
to be, users, their, to, loyal, online, tend, service. 2) services,
are, online, there, many. 3) what, the, is, service,
you, the, service, online, that, has, want, best. 4) be,
we, to, are, all, going, interlinked. 5) we, of, one,
us, go, to, than, more, service, have to, to, most, find, need, everything. 6) a, digital,modem, incoming, analog, into, signals, converts,
back, signals. 7) the, in, the are, dataframes, then,
again, separated, computer. 8) or, may, networks, act,
translator, a, between, incompatible, gateway, protocols, software.
5.
Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the
Vocabulary Notes.
1) Існує багато суджень щодо того, яка онлайн
послуга є найкращою. 2) Люди часто не бачать переваг інших онлайн послуг. 3)
Завжди пильнуйте, що пропонує вам певна онлайн послуга і як це відповідає вашим
потребам. 4) більшість людей користується більш ніж однією онлайн послугою. 5)
Прилад, який може об’єднувати кілька вузькосмугових комунікаційних каналів у
широкосмуговий канал називається мультиплексором. 6) Міжмережевий шлюз – це засіб,
який реалізує трансляцію одного мережного протоколу
в інший, і дозволяє об'єднати
мережі з різними протоколами.
Grammar in Use
1. Find in the next sentences
Gerund, Participle, Infinitive:
1) Networks, hardware and
software that allow various processors to share and exchange data, are moving
into the factory. 2) These networks are connecting whole processors together,
allowing more flexibility and control of
manufacturing. 3) Now, getting a computer to
perform a function is as easy as pointing your finger to the graphic representation
of the function you want performed and pressing a button on the mouse. 4) And
programs exist for all types of business needs including teaching someone unfamiliar
with computers how to run one. 5)
This method of entering data is faster and more accurate than using a keyboard
to enter information.
2. Find non-finite
forms of the verb in the sentences and name them:
A. a)
Gerund; b) Present Participle Active; с) Present
Participle Passive; d) Past Participle Passive; e) Perfect Participle Active;
f) Perfect Participle Passive.
1. When keyed the
data are held in a small memory called buffer. 2. Data keyed into the memory of
a computer by typing on a keyboard are readable by humans. 3. Keyboard enables
inputting numerical and text data. 4. The mouse provides the cursor control
simplifying user's orientation on the display. 5. Having been constructed
recently a new electronic device has important applications in space
exploration. 6. Being supplied with a special appliance a television set may
have a remote control. 7. The control unit operates by reading one instruction
at a time. 8. Improved methods of obtaining three-dimensional television
pictures have been worked on the basis of holography.
B.a)
Indefinite Infinitive Active; b) Indefinite Infinitive Passive; c) Continuous
Infinitive Active; d) Perfect Infinitive Active; e) Perfect Infinitive Passive.
1. Input devices are used to
enter data into primary storage. 2. These data appeared to have been
investigated long ago. 3. We are glad to have obtained such valuable results.
4. You should have known wonderful features of computers long ago. 5. The
problem to be solved is of great importance to the development of this branch
of industry. 6. The first amplifying semiconductor devices (transistors) are
known to have been developed in the
(for individual work)
Read and translate the text.
Microsoft is well known for its ability to create attractive, eye-pleasing applications. Moreover, such products are designed for easy use to allow even the most intimidated individual to grasp the basic concepts within a few hours. In this respect, Microsoft has evolved much in the same way as Apple Computer. Consider, for example, the incredible standardization of design that is imposed on products for use in the Microsoft environment. In the Microsoft world, menus must be at least somewhat consistent with general Windows design. Thus, almost any application designed for Microsoft Windows will have a list of menus that can across the top of the program. Three menu choices that you will invariably see are File, Edit and Help (other menu choices that are still very popular but appear less frequently include View, Tools, Format, and so forth). In other words, if you know one Microsoft program, you know them all.
Microsoft has thus created its own standards in a market. Microsoft has revolutionized the PC computing world. Furthermore, because Microsoft products are so popular worldwide, programmers rush to complete applications for use on the Microsoft platform. Moreover, Microsoft has put much effort in to application integration and interoperability. That means an Excel spreadsheet will drop into a Word document, an Access database will interface with a Visual basic program, and so on. All Microsoft products work in an integrated fashion. Microsoft designed its products with components that meet certain criteria. Each of these applications contain building blocks that are recognizable by the remaining applications. Each can call its sister applications through a language that is common to them all. This system gives the user an enormous amount of power.
Unfortunately, however, it also makes for poor security. Internet Explorer was designed with this interoperability in mind. For example, Internet Explorer was more integrated with the Windows operating system than, say, Netscape’s Navigator. Mr. Gates undoubtedly envisioned a browser that would bring the Internet to the user’s desktop in the same manner as it would a local application. In other words, Internet Explorer was designed to bring the Internet to the user in a form that is easy to understand, navigate, control.
In a period
of less than two weeks in early 1997, Internet Explorer was discovered to have
three serious security bugs:
·
Students at a university in
· Several sources determined that one could launch programs on the client’s machine by pointing to either a URL or an LNK file.
· Folks at A.L. Digital, a London-based firm, determined that Microsoft’s Internet Explorer contained a bug that would allow a malicious Java applet to steal, corrupt, or otherwise alter files on the client’s machine.
Dirk
Balfanz and Edward Felten of
The risk represented here is tremendous.
It is clear that, for the moment, Microsoft Internet Explorer is still cutting its teeth in terms of Internet security. What makes the problem especially serious that only those users who are truly security aware receive such information as breaking news. The majority receive such information from third parties, long after holes have been discovered. This is of major concern because nearly all of the holes found in Internet Explorer have been Class A.
1. Divide the text
into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
2. Put questions to
the text.
3. Discuss it with
your groupmates.