Unit 1
Text Study: Automation.
Additional
Text: At
an Automatic Plant.
Grammar: noun
1.
Repeat the words in chorus:
Manufacturing,
simplification, environment, dangerous, numerically, especially, signaling,
agriculture, though, nevertheless, workpiece, feedback, computer-aided design,
computer-aided manufacture.
2.
While reading the text you will come across a number of international words.
Try to guess what Ukrainian words they remind of you:
Machine,
operation, control, system, automobile, product, pilot, telephone,
mechanization, robot, to manipulate, function, method, principle, thermostat,
magnetic, microprocessor, computer, centre.
3.
Pay attention to some grammatical points:
1) The
simplification of work made it possible
to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. 2)
Industrial robots, originally designed
only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers,
are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy
workpieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine. 3) When using these systems a designer
draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen,
or other input device. 4) After the
drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the
instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part.
II.
Reading
Read the text and be ready to find in the text the answers to the
following questions:
Automation
Automation
is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The
sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example
of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other
complex products.
The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in
which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such
devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated
control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better
than could be done by people.
Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development.
Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation.
The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that
resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized
and they had better production efficiency.
Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in
environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer,
manipulate, and position both light and heavy workpieces performing all the
functions of a transfer machine.
In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an
integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most
car manufacturers and became known as
The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when
machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been
used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor,
invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The
common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.
Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down,
count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly
applied to a wide variety of production operations.
Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing
processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled
machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or
magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centres machine tools can
perform several different machining operations.
More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers has
made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided
manufacture (CAD and
Another development using automation are the
flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to
monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.
Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other
than manufacturing.
Many
industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of
their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry
dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also
controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect
carriages passing a particular point. In this way the movement and location of
trains can be monitored.
Vocabulary Notes
automation ["Ltq'meISqn] — автоматизація
previously ['prJvjqslI] — раніше, попередньо
sequence ['sJkwqns] — послідовність
aid [eId] — допомога
handling ['hxndlIN] — робота, обробка;
переміщення, транспортування
to substitute ['sAbstItjHt]
— замінювати
to resemble [rI'zembl] — бути схожим, нагадувати (когось/щось)
simplification ["sImplIfI'keISqn] — спрощення
to monitor ['mOnItq] — контролювати
sensor ['sensq] — датчик, сенсор
assembly [q'semblI] plant — складальний завод
nonmanufacturing ['nOn"mxnju'fxkCqrIN] — невиробничий
efficiency [I'fISqnsI]
—
ефективність
steam engine — парова машина, паровий двигун
household thermostat ['TWmqstxt] — побутовий термостат
facilitate [fq'sIlIteIt] — сприяти, полегшувати
punched [pAnCqd] — перфорований
feedback — зворотний
зв’язок, зворотне живлення
Comprehension
1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1). An assembly plant for automobiles is a
well-known example of a highly automated system. 2). The
term automation denotes manufacturing systems where automatic devices are
controlled by people. 3). Mechanization was followed by the development of
automation. 4). At the beginning of the XX century the
automobile industry used an integrated system of production which was known as
2. Choose the right answer:
1).What is automation?
a) performing
certain tasks by people only;
b) performing
certain tasks by machines only;
c) performing
certain tasks by special mechanical devices.
2). What are automatic devices used for?
a) to perform various operations instead of people;
b) to control human work;
c) to compete with people.
3). What were industrial robots originally designed for?
a) to teach people;
b) to perform the most complicated operations in industry;
c) to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human
workers.
4) What principle
is used in all automatic-control mechanisms?
a) the flyball principle;
b)
c) the feedback principle.
5). What has made possible the development of CAD and
a) the introduction of automated systems;
b) the introduction of microprocessors;
c) the introduction of computers.
6). What is a computer in FMS used for?
a) to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.
b) to operate in dangerous environments;
c) to give the instructions for people.
3. Complete the
sentences:
1) Automated
manufacturing had several …. . 2). The simplification of work made it possible
to … . 3). Industrial robots are now widely used
to … . 4). The feedback principle is used in … . 5). Using feedback devices, machines can … . 6). Computers gave rise to the development of … . 7). Automation has also had an influence on the
areas of … .
4. Answer the questions:
1) How
is the term automation defined in the text? 2) What is the most familiar
example» of automation given in the text? 3) What was the first step in the
development of automaton? 4) What were the first robots originally designed
for? 5) What was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of
production? 6) What is feedback principle? 7) What do the abbreviations
5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the
sentences containing the following important information:
*6. Try to tell the gist of the text.
Word Study
1. Give Ukrainian
equivalents of the following.
An assembly plant,
independently of human control, telephone equipment, much faster and better,
simplification of work, the motions of the worker, both light and heavy
workpieces, household thermostat, to indicate the dimensions, input device, to
have an influence.
2. Give English
equivalents of the following.
Автоматичні
пристрої, автоматизоване виробництво, виконувати прості задачі, інтегрована
система виробництва, принцип зворотного зв’язку, пристрій може розганятися і
гальмувати, комп’ютер автоматично посилає команди, високоавтоматизована
система, невиробнича система.
3. Match the words in A with their synonyms in B:
A B
To perform to
begin
Manufacturing way
Work to do
To design to
calculate
Method production
To use to construct
To start job
To count to
apply
4. Make
up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
Model: steps, manufacturing, development, several,
had, in, automated, its. - Automated
manufacturing had several steps in its development.
1). in, step, mechanization, necessary, the, was,
automation, of, first, the, development. 2). have, the, manufacturing, of,
facilitated, computers, in, feedback, greatly, processes, use. 3). the, gives, direct, computer,
to, instructions, automatically, the, that, machine, a, machining, part,
centre, the. 4). automation, many, of,
industries, their, use, some, technology, part, in, operation. 5). are, some,
to, service, automate, difficult, industries. 6). own, concept, each, has, of,
its, automation, industry. 7). application, manufacturing, most, for, area, is,
automation, of, the, important, one, technology.
5.
Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the
Vocabulary Notes.
1). Автоматизація широко
використовується на заводах по складанню
кузовів автомобілів. 2). Обробка важких деталей може виконуватись роботами. 3).
Спрощення конструкції призвело до зниження вартості продукції. 4). Комп’ютери
можна використовувати щоб контролювати роботу станків. 5). Гнучка автоматизація
дозволяє перепрограмовувати обладнання. 6). Прилади із зворотнім живленням
використовуються у багатьох видах виробничих процесів.
Grammar
in Use
1. Make the following nouns plural
A person, a
machine, an operation, an example, the plant, the product, a system, the
equipment, the work, a robot, a workpiece, the industry, a method, the
manufacture, a century, an engine, a thermostat, a tool, a microprocessor, the
technology, a mouse, a device.
2. Transform the
following sentences into plural
1) This operation is controlled automatically. 2) The
most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant. 3) An
automated control system is used to perform this operation much faster and
better than could be done by a man. 4) This specialized machine was motorized
and it had better production efficiency. 5) The automobile industry for the
first time used an integrated system of production. 6) The feedback principle
is used in the automatic-control mechanism when a machine has ability to
correct itself. 7) A computer in a flexible manufacturing system can be
used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory.
Additional Text
(for individual work)
Read and translate
the text.
At an Automatic
Plant
The future plant may well be situated tight in the centre of the
residential district. The walls will be of
metal and glass; there will be no smoke, soot or dust.
In a huge, light and
busy plant machines produce a slight humming. No workers moving about among machines,
only in a small control room two men are on duty. But in the main the factory runs itself.
The factory is fashioning machine tools from raw steel ingots. Huge
rollers set to exact thickness flatten the ingots into sheets.
Three-dimensional sensing devices "read" patterns for parts, then transducers convert this information into electrical
energy. Amplifiers build up that energy so that it can ran machines to shape,
drill, and fasten together the parts.
Thousands of different individual machining operations are all done
mechanically, and supervised by machines. While amplifiers can sense and
correct tiny changes in speed or voltage which could cause errors, photo tubes can
convert light into signals which count, sort, check, detect and judge quality.
All operations man did in the past machines do now automatically.
You may say, this has been done for a long time on assembly lines in
many factories and most of the individual steps are familiar. That is true, but
the new thing is the size and completeness of the system. Not a single stage or
a sequence of operations,
but a whole plant is completely automated. These systems are described by the
term "a closed loop", where a completely automatic, controlling
device replaces the operator, and the whole process із carried out without human
intervention. The computers keep track of supplies on hand, use of parts, tell how much to produce and check the output. The
final information closes the loop of automation, and the kind of control is
called feed-back.
But still much research work is to be done to perfect the system. It is
essential to improve the quality of automation equipment as well as the
programmes of the computers. A major problem is to better automate inspection,
quality control, information system. For solid parts and automatic three-dimensional
recognition system (size, shape and colour) tie problem still remains of
greatest concern. With the increase of automation the scientist must solve the
problem of complex interaction groups of sensors tied together by a single
system of computer network. The development of new flexible technologies and
sociological problems involved need, of course, a new approach too.
So in the ultimate automated factory there will be few, if any,
operators or quality control inspectors. Instead, sensors attached to the
machines, materials handling systems and package equipment will consider the
conditions within their range and send data to programmable controllers,
computers or self-contained microprocessors. These units will process the data
and send commands back through the system — all without human intervention.
1. Divide the text
into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
2. Put questions to
the text.
3. Discuss it with your groupmates