Unit 2
Text Study. Understanding
the World Wide Web.
Additional Text. The Expierence of the Web.
Grammar: Non-finnite forms of the verb. Participle.
1. Repeat the words in
chorus:
Tim Berners-Lee,
Switzerland,CERN,accessible, to incorporate, hypertext, SMTP, FTP, NNTP, HTTP,
VOIP, command-level
2. While reading the text you
will come across a number of international words. Try to guess what Ukrainian
words they remind of you:
Physics, graphics,
video, global, proportion, protocol, electronic, command, text, client,
telephone, system, programming, component.
3. Pay attention to some
grammatical points:
1) Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the Web. 2) To name just one example, the Voice
over Internet Protocol (VOIP) allows
users to place a telephone call over
the Web. 3) It is no longer
necessary to be conversant in these
protocols within separate, command-level environments. 4) Because of this feature,
and because of the web’s ability to
work with multimedia and advanced programming languages, the World Wide Web is
the fastest-growing component of the Internet.
II. Reading
Read the text and be ready to find in the text the answers to the
following questions:
The World Wide Web
was developed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee of the European Particle Physics Lab
(CERN) in
E-mail
(Simple
Mail Transport Protocol or SMTP) distributes electronic messages and files to
one or more electronic mailboxes.
Telnet (Telnet Protocol)
facilitates login to the computer host to execute commands.
FTP (File Transfer
Protocol) transfers text or binary files between an FTP server and client.
Usenet
(Network
News Transfer Protocol or NNTP) distributes Usenet news articles derived from
topical discussions on newsgroups.
HTTP (Hyper Text
Transfer Protocol) transmits hypertext over networks. This is the protocol of
the WWW.
Many other protocols are
available on the Web. To name just one example, the Voice over Internet
Protocol (VOIP) allows users to place a telephone call over the Web.
The World Wide
Web provides a single interface for accessing all these protocols. This creates
a convenient environment. It is no longer necessary to be conversant in these
protocols within separate, command-level environments. The web gathers together
these protocols into a single system. Because of this feature, and because of
the web’s ability to work with multimedia and advanced programming languages,
the World Wide Web is the fastest-growing component of the Internet.
Vocabulary Notes
Hypertext ['haIpq"tFkst] — гіпертекст (текст для
перегляду на комп'ютері, який містить зв'язки з
іншими документами («гіперзв'язки» чи «гіперпосилання»))
growth [grquT] — зростання
to ensue [In'sjH] — виникати, відбуватися
to incorporate [In'kLpqreIt] — об’єднувати, приєднувати
computer host [hqust] — ведучий комп’ютер
electronic [Ilek'trOnIk] mailbox — електронна поштова
скринька
to facilitate [fq'sIlIteIt] — полегшити
to execute ['eksIkjHt] commands — виконувати команди
binary ['baInqrI] files — бінарні файли
Telnet Protocol — мережевий
протокол для реалізації текстового інтерфейсу по мережі
Usenet (Network News Transfer Protocol or NNTP) — протокол передачі новин у інтернет-мережі
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) — протокол передачі файлів
E-mail (Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) — протокол передачі
електронної пошти
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) — протокол передачі гіпертексту
Voice over Internet Protocol (– VOIP) — голосовий
інтернет-протокол
to be conversant [kqn'vWs(q)nt] — бути обізнаним, бути
поінформованим
Comprehension
1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1) The World Wide Web was
developed in
2. Choose the right answer:
1) Who developed the World
Wide Web?
a) Bill Gates;
b) J.Eckert and J.Maushly;
c) Tim Berners-Lee.
2) Why do we use networked
hypertext?
a) to
facilitate surfing a net;
b) to
facilitate communication;
c) to
facilitate searching information.
3) What are Internet protocols?
a) sets of
rules;
b) programming
languages;
c) binary
files.
4)What is the function of E-mail?
a) incorporation of graphics;
b) distribution
of electronic messages;
c) intermachine
communication.
5) What is Usenet?
a) Simple Mail Transport Protocol;
b) File Transfer Protocol;
c) Network News Transfer Protocol.
5)What does HTTP transmit?
a) Internet protocols;
b) hypertext;
c) mass communication.
3. Complete the
sentences:
1) The World Wide Web was
developed in … . 2) Internet protocols are … . 3) Simple Mail Transport Protocol distributes … . 4) Telnet Protocol facilitates … .
5) NNTP distributes … . 6) Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol transmits … . 7) Voice over Internet Protocol
allows … . 8) The World Wide Web provides a single … . 9) The World Wide Web is the fastest …
.
4. Answer the questions:
1) What are the abilities of the
World Wide Web? 2) Why has the use of the Web now reached global proportions?
3) What are Internet protocols? 4) What protocols are accessible on the Web? 5)
Why does The World Wide Web provide a single interface? 6) What is the
fastest-growing component of the Internet and why?
5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the
sentences containing the following important information:
·
major protocols of
the Web;
·
a single interface of The World Wide Web.
*6. Try to tell the gist of the text.
Word Study
1. Give Ukrainian
equivalents of the following.
Particle Physics, to be spread,
rapid growth, to be accessible, to facilitate login, computer host, topical
discussions, convenient environment, programming languages, single interface, set
of rules.
2. Give English
equivalents of the following.
Початкова мета; використовувати гіпертекст; розповсюджуватись за межі;
об’єднувати графіку, відео та звук; досягати глобальних пропорцій; електронне
повідомлення; телефонний дзвінок; збирати разом.
3. Match the words in A with their synonyms in B:
A B
Purpose paper
country quick
to begin to
permit
to incorporate to make
every aim
set state
to allow to
start
article each
to create to
unite
fast kit
4. Make
up sentences from the following words and word-groups:
Model: steps, manufacturing, development, several,
had, in, automated, its. - Automated
manufacturing had several steps in its development.
1) video, the, graphics, to, Web,
and, incorporate, began, sound. 2) Web, now, recent, the, in, use, the, global,
has, years, of, reached, proportions. 3) intermachine,
sets, for, Internet, Internet, of, rules, that, allow, protocols,
communication, on, are, the. 4) mailboxes, one,
messages, electronic, and, files to, or, more, e-mail, distributes, electronic.
5) Protocol, an, files, Transfer, or, transfers, text, binary, between, File,
server, client, and, FTP. 6) to, Web, users, place, a,
VOIP, telephone, allows, over, the, call. 7) World, of, Web,
the, web’s, of, to, with, work, and, multimedia, programming, fastest-growing,
languages, the, Wide, is, ability, the, component, advanced, the, because,
Internet.
5.
Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the
Vocabulary Notes.
1) Спочатку всесвітню мережу використовували лля того, щоб полегшити
спілкування між людьми в різних країнах. 2) Зараз інтернет-мережа об’єднує
графіку, відео та звук. 3) Протокол передачі гіпертексту передає гіпертекст по
мережі. 4) За допомогою голосового інтернет-протоколу ми можемо
здійснюватидзвінки у мережі і безкоштовно спілкуватися з людьми з різних
куточків світу. 5) Всесвітня мережа об’єднує всі інтернет-протоколи у єдину
систему.
Grammar in Use
1. Translate the sentences
containing Participle I and Participle II in the function of adverbial
modifier:
1) Factory automation provides
permanent long-term savings plus numerous intangible benefits including higher
quality products, shorter production runs, increased worker
satisfaction, and greater manufacturing flexibility. 2) When entering the Internet, I
always find a lot of interesting information. 3) Being discrete events
commercial transactions are in a natural form for a digital computer. 4) When
written in a symbolic language programs require the translation into the
machine language. 5) As know all computer systems perform the functions of
inputting, storing, processing, controlling and outputting.
2. Open the
brackets using Participle I and Prticiple II in the function of adverbial
modifier. Translate the sentences
1.) (To enter) the
Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information. 2) Though never (to
build) Babbage's analytical engine was the basis for designing today's
computers. 3) When (to write) in a symbolic language programs require the
translation into the machine language. 4) While (to operate) on the basis of
analogy, analog computers simulate physical systems. 5) When (to use) voltage
represents other physical quantities in analog computers. 6) (to be) discrete events commercial transactions are in a
natural form for a digital computer. 7) As (to contrast) with the analyst, the
computer system architect designs computers for many different applications. 8)
While (to deal) with discrete quantities digital computers count rather than
measure. 9) (to use) a microcomputer you are
constantly making choice — to open a file, to close a file, and so on. 10) As (to
know) all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing,
processing, controlling, and outputting.
3. Translate sentences
with Perfect Participle Active and Pferfect Participle Passive into
Ukrainian.
1) Having discussed
tht functions of storage units we passed on to the consideration of control
processing unit. 2) Having limited the information capacity of a single bit to
two alternatives the computer designers expressed data by a combination of
bits. 3) Having translated the program into machine language the computer
architect put the program into the machine. 4) Having been coded the
instruction was transmitted to the central processing unit. 5) Having been
transmitted to the central processing unit the instruction made
arithmetic-logical unit perform some computations. 6) Having been regulated by
the operator the equipment operated well. 7) Data having been entered correctly
into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further
manipulation by humans is eliminated. 8) Electromechanical memories depend upon
moving mechanical parts for their operation. 9) The time required for the
computer to locate and transfer data to and from a storage medium is called the
access time. 10) Being not visible software makes possible the effective
operation of computer system. 11) When properly programmed computers don't make
computational errors. 12) Having been introduced in the early 1960s magnetic
disc storage has replaced magnetic tape storage.
(for individual work)
Read and translate the text.
Today’s World Wide Web
presents an ever-diversified experience of multimedia, programming language,
and real-time communication. It is a
challenge to keep up with the rapid pace of developments.
Multimedia. The web has become
a broadcast medium. It is possible to listen to audio and video over the web,
both pre-recorded and live. For example, you can visit the sited of various
news organizations and view the same video shown on the nightly television
news. Several plugins are available for viewing these videos. For example, Apple’s Quick Time Player
downloads files with the mov extension and displays these as “movies” in a
small window on your computer screen. Quick Time files can be quite large, as
it may take patience to wait for the entire movie to download into your
computer before you can view it.
The problem of slow download
times has been answered by a revolutionary development in multimedia
capability: streaming media. In this case, audio or video files are played as
they are downloading, or streaming, into your computer. Only a small wait, called
buffering, is necessary before the file begins to play. The RealPlayer plug-in
plays streaming audio and video files. Extensive files such as interviews,
speeches and hearings work very well with RealPlayer. The RealPlayer is also
ideal for the broadcast of real-time events. These may include press
conferences, live radio and television broadcasts, concerts, etc.
Sound files,
including music, may also be heard on the Web. It is not uncommon to visit a
Web page and hear background music.
Live cams are another aspect
of the multimedia experience available on the Web. Live cams are video cameras
that send their data in real time to a Web server. These cams may appear in all
kinds of locations, such as an office, on top of a building, a scenic locale, a
special event, and so on. Text, audio and video communication can occur in real
time on the Web. This capability allows people to conference
and collaborate in real time. In general, the faster the
Internet connection, the more successful the experience
1. Divide the text
into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
2. Put questions to
the text.
3. Discuss it with
your groupmates.