Unit 4
Text Study:
Microsoft Operating Systems.
Additional Text: Macintosh OS.
Grammar: Revision of the Module II.
Text Study
1. Repeat the words in
chorus:
Unique,
significantly, scientific, previous, numerous, enhancements, reliability,
major, wireless, awareness, suspicious.
2.
While reading the text you will come across a number of new words. Try to guess
what Ukrainian words they remind of you:
Menu,
dialog, calendar, calculator, card, graphics, strategic, mobile, computing, integrated,
cafes, viruses, hackers, debut, music, video.
3. Pay attention to some
grammatical points:
1) In 1990, Microsoft announces Windows 3.0, followed shortly by Windows 3.1 in 1992. 2) Windows
software is installed with floppy discs bought in large boxes with heavy instruction manuals. 3) Upgrade
versions are available for both
floppy disk
and CD-ROM formats. 4) Windows Me was
the last Microsoft operating system to be based on the Windows 95
code base.
II. Reading
Read the text in order to fill
in the table:
|
The
name of OS |
Distinctive
Features |
|
|
|
Microsoft
Operating Systems
MS-DOS. In 1980 Microsoft focuses on a new operating system—the
software that manages, or runs, the computer hardware and also serves to bridge
the gap between the computer hardware and programs, such as a word processor.
It’s the foundation on which computer programs can run. They name their new
operating system "MS‑DOS." MS‑DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System.
In 1985 Windows ships Windows 1.0.
It is unique software designed for the serious PC users. There are drop-down
menus, scroll bars, icons, and dialog boxes that make programs easier to learn
and use. Windows 1.0 ships with several
programs, including MS‑DOS file management, Paint, Windows Writer, Notepad, Calculator, and a
calendar, card file, and clock to help you manage day-to-day activities.
In 1987 Microsoft releases Windows 2.0
with desktop icons and expanded memory. With improved graphics support, you can
now overlap windows, control the screen layout, and use keyboard shortcuts to
speed up your work. Windows 2.0 is
designed for the Intel 286 processor.
In 1990, Microsoft announces Windows 3.0,
followed shortly by Windows 3.1 in 1992.
Windows now has significantly better
performance, advanced graphics with 16 colors, and improved icons. Program
Manager, File Manager, and Print Manager arrive in Windows 3.0.
Windows software is installed with floppy
discs bought in large boxes with heavy instruction manuals. The popularity of Windows 3.0 grows with the release of a new Windows software development kit (SDK), which helps
software developers to focus more on writing programs and less on writing
device drivers.
Unlike Windows 3.1, however, Windows NT 3.1 is a 32-bit operating system,
which makes it a strategic business platform that supports high-end programs.
In 1995 Microsoft releases Windows 95. This
is the era of fax/modems, e‑mail, the new online world, and dazzling
multimedia games and educational software. Windows 95
has built-in Internet support, dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play
capabilities that make it easy to install hardware and software. The 32-bit
operating system also offers enhanced multimedia capabilities, more powerful
features for mobile computing, and integrated networking. Windows 95 is the upgrade to the previous Windows and MS‑DOS operating systems. Upgrade
versions are available for both floppy disk and CD-ROM formats. In the summer
of 1995, the first version of Internet Explorer
is released. The browser joins those already vieing
for space on the World Wide Web.
Released in
1998, Windows 98 is the first version of
Windows designed specifically for consumers.
PCs are common at work and home, and Internet cafes where you can get online
are popping up. Other improvements include the ability to open and close
programs more quickly, and support for reading DVD discs and universal serial
bus (USB) devices. Windows 98 is the
last version based on MS‑DOS.
Designed for
home computer use, Windows Me offers
numerous music, video, and home networking enhancements and reliability
improvements compared to previous versions. Windows Me
was the last Microsoft operating system to be
based on the Windows 95 code base.
Windows 2000 Professional
is designed to replace Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows NT
Workstation 4.0 on all business desktops and laptops. Built on top of the
proven Windows NT Workstation 4.0 code
base, Windows 2000 adds major
improvements in reliability, ease of use, Internet compatibility, and support
for mobile computing. Windows 2000
Professional simplifies hardware installation by adding support for a wide
variety of new Plug and Play hardware, including advanced networking and
wireless products, USB devices, IEEE 1394 devices, and infrared devices.
In 2001 Windows XP becomes one of the best-selling
products in the coming years. It’s both fast and stable. Awareness of computer
viruses and hackers increases, but fears are to a certain extent calmed by the
online delivery of security updates. Consumers begin to understand warnings about
suspicious attachments and viruses. There’s more emphasis on Help and Support. Windows XP Home Edition offers such
enhancements as the Network Setup Wizard, Windows Media
Player, Windows Movie Maker, and enhanced
digital photo capabilities. With a fresh visual design, Windows XP Professional includes features for
business and advanced home computing, including remote desktop support, an
encrypting file system, and system restore and advanced networking features. Windows XP has several editions during these
years: Windows XP 64-bit Edition (2001),
Windows XP Media Center Edition, Windows XP Tablet PC Edition (2002).
Windows Vista is released
in 2006 with the strongest security system yet. User Account Control helps to prevent
potentially harmful software from making changes to your computer. Windows Vista also features enhancements to Windows Media Player. Here you can watch
television, view and send photographs, and edit videos.
By the late
2000s, the wireless world has arrived. When Windows 7
is released in October 2009, laptops are outselling desktop PCs and it’s common
to get online at public wireless hotspots like coffee shops. Wireless networks
can be created at the office or at home. Windows
Touch makes its debut, enabling you to use your fingers to browse the web, flip
through photos, and open files and folders. You can stream music, videos, and
photos from your PC to a stereo or TV. Many laptops no longer have a slot for
DVDs and some have solid state drives rather than conventional hard disks. Most
everything is streamed, saved on flash drives, or saved in the
"Cloud"—an online space for sharing files and storage. Windows Live—free programs and services for
photos, movies, instant messaging, e‑mail, and social networking—is
seamlessly integrated with Windows so that
you can keep in touch from your PC, phone, or the web, extending Windows to the Cloud.
Meanwhile, work is underway for the next version of Windows.
Vocabulary
Notes
to focuse on ['fqukqs]– зосереджуватися
на
to bridge the gap between – ліквідовувати
розрив між
to ship
– вводити, добавляти
to release
– випускати у світ
to overlap – суміщати
significantly – багатозначно
software development kit (SDK) – набір інструментальних засобів для розробки програмного
забезпечення (включає бібліотеки, заголовочні
файли, файли допомоги, документацію)
built-in – вбудований
enhanced [In'hRnst]–
вдосконалений, розширений
enhancement – модернізація,
вдосконалення, розширення
Plug and Play - стандарт фірм Microsoft, Intel та ін., що мають на меті спрощення підключення комп’ютера: бере
на себе розпізнавання та налаштування периферійного обладнання без подальшого
встановлення параметрів користувачем.
to vie [vaI]- конкурувати
the upgrade – оновлена
версія
to pop up – висвітлитися на екрані
wireless - безпровідниковий
stable – стійкий,
постійний
awareness [q'wFqnqs]–
компетентність, знання
an encrypting file system – закодована система файлів
to restore – відновлення
to feature – характеризуватися
to stream – відтворювати
seamlessly – прямо, безперервно
to keep in touch from - мати зв'язки, бути в контакті,не
відриватися
meanwhile – тим часом
Comprehension
1.
Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1) MS‑DOS stands
for Microsoft Disk Operating System. 2) Windows 1.0. is unique software designed
for the serious mainframe users. 3) In 1987 Microsoft releases Windows 2.0 with desktop icons and expanded
memory. 4) Program Manager, File
Manager, and Print Manager arrive in Windows 2.0.
5) Windows NT 3.1 is a 16-bit operating
system. 6) Windows 95 has built-in
Internet support, dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play capabilities that
make it easy to install hardware and software. 7) Windows 98
is the first version of Windows designed
specifically for computer programmers. 8) Windows Me
offers numerous educational programs. 9) Windows 2000
Professional is designed to replace Windows 95,
Windows 98, and Windows NT Workstation 4.0 on all business
desktops and laptops. 10) In 2001 Windows XP
becomes one of the worst-selling products in the coming years.11) Windows Vista is released in 2006 with the weakest
security system yet. 12) Windows Touch makes
its debut, enabling you to use your fingers to browse the web, flip through
photos, and open files and folders.
2.
Choose the right answer:
1) … is the foundation on which
computer programs can run.
a) MS-DOS;
b) Internet Explorer;
c) Telnet.
2) … is designed for the Intel 286
processor.
a) MS-DOS;
b) Windows 2.0;
c)
Windows
3)
The popularity of …
grows with the release of a new Windows
software development kit (SDK).
a) MS-DOS;
b) Windows 2.0;
c) Windows 3.0.
4)
… is the upgrade to the previous Windows and MS‑DOS operating systems.
a) Windows 95;
b) Windows 2.0;
c) Windows 3.0.
5) …
simplifies hardware installation by adding support for a wide variety of new
Plug and Play hardware.
a) Windows 95;
b) Windows 2000 Professional;
c) Windows XP.
6)
With a fresh visual design, … includes features for business and
advanced home computing.
a) Windows XP
Professional;
b) Windows 2000 Professional;
c) Windows 2000.
7) Using …
you can watch television, view and send photographs, and edit videos.
a) Win RAR;
b) Windows Media
Player;
c) Acrobat Reader.
8) … can be created at the office or at
home.
a) Wireless networks;
b) Wireless beacon;
c) Wireless telegraphy.
9) … is seamlessly integrated with Windows so that you can keep in touch from your PC,
phone, or the web.
a) Windows Live;
b)
Win RAR;
c) Windows Media
Player.
3.
Complete the sentences.
1) In 1980 Microsoft
focuses on a new operating system which they name … .
2) Windows 1.0 ships with several
programs, including … . 3) With improved graphics
support in Windows 2.0., you can … . 4) Windows 3.1 has significantly better … . 5) Windows NT 3.1
supports … . 6) Windows 95 also offers … . 7) Windows 98 is
the last version … . 8) Windows Me
was the last Microsoft operating system to be
based … . 9) Windows 2000
adds major improvements in … . 10) Windows XP Home Edition offers such
enhancements as … . 11) Windows Vista
also features enhancements to … . 12) Windows Live—free programs and services for … .
4. Answer the questions to the
text:
1) What serves to bridge the gap between the
computer hardware and programs? 2) What are there in Windows 1.0.? 3) What can
you overlap in Windows 2.0.? 4) What helps software developers to focus more on
writing programs and less on writing device drivers? 5) What kind of OS is
Windows NT 3.1.? 6) For what are upgrade versions available? 7) When is the
first version of Internet Explore released? 8) Where are PC common in 1998? 9)
What kind of awareness increases? And by what are fears calmed to a certain
extent? 10) What does Windows XP Professional include? 11) What helps to
prevent potentially harmful software from making changes to your computer? 12)
What no longer have a slot? And what do they have?
5.
Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following
important information:
*6.
Try to tell the gist of the text.
Word Study
1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the
following.
Drop-down menu, scroll bar, icon, desktop icon, dialog boxes, graphics support, advanced graphics, to
control the screen layout, keyboard shortcuts, performance, Program Manager, File Manager,
Print Manager, Windows
Writer,
Notepad, card file, heavy instruction manuals, high-end program, dial-up networking, Network
Setup Wizard, Movie Maker, remote desktop support, user account, Windows Touch, to flip through
photos.
2. Give English equivalents of the
following.
"Випадаюче
меню" (меню, яке висвітлюється при виборі користувачем певного пункту панелі меню); піктограма (значок); комутаційна
мережа;
значок робочого столу; управляти розміщенням зображення на екрані; покращена графіка; диспетчер файлів; диспетчер програм; адміністратор друку; редактор Windows; картотека;
програма професійного класу (з повним
набором функціональних можливостей); майстер налаштування мережі; дистанційна підтримка
робочого столу;
обліковий запис користувача (бюджет
користувача);
полистати фото; смуга прокрутки (зображення у вікні); діалогове вікно; робоча характеристика; клавіши швидкого набору
команд; графічна підтримка; блокнот; складна технологічна
інструкція; редактор фільмів; Windows з
сенсорним управлінням.
3. Match the words in A with
their synonyms in B:
A B
significantly steady
built-in improvement
enhancement for the moment
to
vie to renovate
stable extensively
awareness fixed
to
restore to compete
meanwhile knowledge
4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes
in the appropriate form.
To
focus/to overlap/ enhanced/ to vie/wireless/ awareness/ to restore/to pop up
1) They had …
with their rivals. 2) The two versions
obviously … . 3) The computer programmers … on a new
operating system. 4) This OS has … Plug
and Play. 5) … communication is expended nowadays. 6) Network … is … on his computer. 7) Data base
was … at that moment.
5. Translate sentences into English using words and
word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes
1) Нова операційна система є оновлена та
покращена. 2) Програміст розробив новий набір
інструментальних засобів для розробки програмного забезпечення. 3) Операційні
системи “Windows” конкурують з
операційними системами компанії “Apple”. 4)
Знання комп’ютерної системи допомагає у його роботі. 5) Завдяки без
провідниковому зв’язку ви завжди в контакті з своїм комп’ютером, телефоном чи
всесвітньою мережею. 6) Компанія “Microsoft” випустила у
світ велику кількість операційних систем.
Grammar in Use
Revision of Module II
Additional Text
(for individual work)
Read, translate the
text and be ready to answer the following questions:
Macintosh OS
The Macintosh OS (1984), and things like Windows 3 (late 1980s), represent more modern
operating systems, having evolved in the ten to fifteen years after the start of
Unix.
The important ideas in the Mac OS (and later systems meant to work in
similar style) were developed at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Centre during the
1970s and early 1980s (Apple started the Mac OS by getting a licence to use
Xerox's ideas). Starting around 1972, Xerox PARC had had a project that aimed
to explore what the "office of the future" would be like. Obviously,
the office workers were going to make heavy use of computers. The Xerox
researchers realized that the old systems were inappropriate.
The old systems had the computer as sort of oracle, surrounded by
priests (the
system's programmers and system's
administrators) and neophytes (the computer operators); even the newer Unix
systems had to have "system's gurus" to attend them and keep users at
bay. In an "office of the future", individual's would have their own
computers, and these therefore would have to have operating systems that did
not need priestly ministrations from gurus or others. Unlike other developers
of that period, the Xerox group realized that the cost of CPU power was going
to drop dramatically. Consequently, it wasn't going to be important to keep the
CPU efficiently employed, what was going to be important was the efficient use
of time of the office workers. So it was going to be worthwhile
"wasting" CPU cycles with the computer doing extra work if this would
simplify the tasks of the user. Given these premises, the Xerox group focussed
on what they thought would be the needs of users; they identified factors such
as:
• visual displays for
"high-bandwidth" communication (show the user what
programs and files are available for
use etc);
• direct manipulation (use of mouse pointer,
selection of object represented visually [as an "icon"], picking a
command from a menu – the "point-and click"
interface rather than the
"remember-and-type-command" interface of Unix and older systems);
• consistency (every program working in a
similar manner);
• intercommunication (e.g. easy transfer of
pictures, text and other data between programs).
Xerox developed a variety of experimental systems embodying the features
that they felt would empower users and make computers more useful. However,
Xerox never really brought these experimental systems to the level of
practical, affordable products.
Steve Jobs and others at Apple in the early 1980s recognized the
importance of the Xerox ideas and worked to make them practical. The Mac OS of
1984 was the first system that could really deliver computer power to all
users.