Unit
3
Text
Study: Operating System.
Additional Text: UNIX
Operating System.
Grammar:
The Future Continuous Tense.
Text Study
1. Repeat the words in
chorus:
Keyboard, purchase,
successfully, occur, initialized, simultaneously, request, designed,
circumstances, through, frequently.
2.
While reading the text you will come across a number of new words. Try to guess
what Ukrainian words they remind of you:
Physically,
package, series, chronological, termination, cables, initialization, resources,
normally, functioning, concurrently, multiprogramming, potion.
3. Pay attention to some
grammatical points:
1) You can think of these as the parts you are able to touch physically. 2) The operating
system is the component that on one side
manages and controls the hardware and on
the other manages the applications. 3) Various pieces of hardware need to be initialized. 4) It is the operating system’s job to manage
execution of the application. 5) Some operating systems are adopted as ’’industry standards’’
and these are the ones which should
be evaluated because they normally have a good software base. 6) The cost of software is likely to be lower in such
circumstances as the development costs are spread over a greater number of
users, both actual and potential.
II. Reading
Read
the text and be ready to answer the following questions:
Operating System
An operating system is an
important part of a computer system. A
computer system is built from three general components: the hardware, the
operating system, and the applications.
The hardware includes pieces such as a central processing unit (CPU), a
keyboard, a hard drive and a printer.
You can think of these as the
parts you are able to touch physically. Applications are why you use computers;
they use the rest of the system to perform the desired task (for example, play
a game, edit a memo, send electronic mail). The operating system is the
component that on one side manages and controls the hardware and on the other
manages the applications.
When you purchase a computer
system, you must have at least hardware and an operating system. The hardware
you purchase is able to use (or run) one or more different operating
systems. You can purchase a computer
package, which includes the hardware, the operating system, and possibly one or
more applications. The operating system
is necessary in order to manage the hardware and applications.
When you turn on your computer,
the operating system performs a series of tasks, presented here in
chronological order.
One of the first things you
do, after successfully plugging together cables and components, is turn on your
computer. The operating system takes care of all the starting functions that
must occur to get your computer to a usable state. Various pieces of hardware need to be
initialized. After the start-up procedure is complete, the operating system awaits
further instructions. If you shut down the computer, the operating system also
has a procedure that makes sure all the hardware is shut down correctly. Before turning your computer of again, you
might want to do something useful, which means that one or
more applications are executed.
After the operating system
completes hardware initialization, you can execute an application. The
executing application is called a process. It is the operating system’s job to
manage execution of the application. When you execute a program, the operating
system creates a new process. Many processes can exist simultaneously. This
process is referred to as multitasking. When you exit your program (or it
finishes executing) the process terminates, and the operating system manages
the termination by reclaiming any resources that were being used. Most
applications perform some tasks between the time the process is created and the
time it terminates. To perform these tasks, the program makes requests to the
operating system, and the operating system responds to the requests and
allocates necessary resources to the program.
When an executing process needs to use some hardware, the operating
system provides access for the process.
To perform its task, a process
may need to access hardware resources. The process may need to read or write a
file, send data to a network card (to communicate with another computer), or
send data to a printer. The operating system provides such services for the
process. This is referred to as resource
allocation. A piece of hardware is a resource, and the operating system
allocates available resources to the different processes that are running.
All computers do
not use the same operating systems. It is therefore important to assess the
operating system used on a particular model before initial commitment because
some software is only designed to run under the control of specific operating
systems. Some operating systems are adopted as
’’industry standards’’ and these
are the ones which should be evaluated because they normally have a good
software base. The reason for this is that software houses are willing to
expand resources on the development of application packages for machines
functioning under the control of an operating system which is widely used. The
cost of software is likely to be lower in such circumstances as the development
costs are spread over a greater number of users, both actual and potential.
Mainframe computers usually
process several application programs concurrently, switching from one to the
other, for the purpose of increasing processing productivity. This is known as
multiprogramming, which requires a powerful operating system. An operating system
is stored on disk and has to be booted into the internal memory (RAM) where it
must reside through processing so that commands are instantly available. The
operating system commands may exceed the internal memory capacity of the
computer in which case only that potion of the operating system which is
frequently used is retained internally, other modules being read in from disk
as required.
Vocabulary Notes
to edit – редагувати
memo – повідомлення, пам’ятка
to manage- керувати, управляти, організовувати процес (координувати)
to occur [q'kW]– відбуватися, траплятися
to complete – завершувати, закінчувати
simultaneously ["sIm(q)l'teInslI]– одночасно
multitasking – виконання значної
кількості завдань одночасно
to
terminate - завершувати
termination – завершення
to
reclaim – відновлення
a
request [rI'kwqst] – запит
to
allocate – розміщувати
allocation - розміщення
to access ['xkses] – отримати (мати)доступ
to assess ['xses]
– оцінювати
initial commitment – первинне встановлення
to adopt – приймати, переймати, засвоювати
to evaluate – оцінювати, обчислювати,
визначати якість
to will – заставляти, примушувати
to expand – розширювати,
розповсюджувати
concurrently [kqn'kAr(q)ntlI]– одночасно
to boot – початкове завантаження
системи, самозавантаження
instantly – негайно
to reside [rI'zaId]– постійно зберігатися
to exceed [Ik'sJd]–
переповнювати, перегружати
to retain – утримувати в пам’яті,
акумулювати
Comprehension
1.
Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1) A computer system is built
from three general components: the hardware, the software, and the
applications. 2) When you purchase a computer system, you must have at least
hardware. 3) When you turn on your computer, the operating system performs a
series of tasks, presented here in chronological order. 4) Various pieces of
hardware need to be deleted. 5) When an executing process needs to use some hardware,
the operating system provides access for the process. 6) All computers use the
same operating systems. 7) The cost of software is likely to be higher in such
circumstances as the development costs are spread over a greater number of
users, both actual and potential. 8) An operating system is stored on disk and
has to be booted into the internal memory (RAM) where it must reside through
processing so that commands are instantly available.
2.Choose
the right answer:
1) A computer system is built
from such components:
a) monitor
and keyboard;
b) the
hardware, the operating system, and the applications;
c) printer and scanner.
2) One of the first
things you do, after successfully plugging together cables and components, is … .
a) turn on your computer;
b) turn
off your computer;
c) house
your computer.
3) After the start-up procedure
is … , the operating system awaits further
instructions.
a) began;
b) running;
c) complete.
4) After the operating system
completes … initialization, you can execute an application.
a) software;
b) hardware;
c) firmware.
5) Many processes can exist
simultaneously. This process is referred to as … .
a) multitasking;
b) outputting;
c) processing.
6) The operating system allocates available … to the
different processes that are running.
a) records;
b) resources;
c) facilities.
7) … requires a powerful operating system.
a) PC;
b) desktop
computer;
c) multiprogramming
3.
Complete the sentences.
1) The hardware includes pieces such as … . 2) The operating system is the component that on one
side … and … and on the other … . 3) The hardware you
purchase is able to use (or run) one or … . 4) The
operating system is necessary in order … . 5) The executing application is called … . 6) It is therefore important to assess the operating
system used on a particular model before … because some software is only
designed to run under the control of … . 7) Mainframe computers
usually process … .
4. Answer the questions to the
text:
1) What is a computer system
built from? 2) What pieces does the hardware include? 3) What use the rest of
the system to perform the desired task? 4) What manages and controls the
hardware on one side and manages the applications on the other? 5) What does a
computer package include? 6) Why is the operating system necessary? 7) What
need to be initialized? 8) When can you execute an application? 8) What is
called a process? 9) What is referred to multitasking? 10) When does the OS
manage the termination? 11) What makes requests to the operating system and
why? Does the operating system respond to the requests? And what is the next step which the OS
perform? 12) What is referred to resources allocation? 13) Why is it important
to assess the OS used on a particular model before initial commitment? 14) Why
should operating systems be evaluated? 15) What is multiprogramming? 16) Where
is the OS stored?
5.
Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following
important information:
*6.
Try to tell the gist of the text.
Word Study
1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the
following.
To manage and control the
hardware, to manage the applications, to manage the termination, to purchase a computer
system, presented in chronological order, successfully plugging together
cables and components, to get a computer to a usable state, to complete hardware
initialization, by reclaiming resources, to make requests to the operating
system, to respond to the requests, to
provide access for the process, to access hardware resources, resource allocation,
to allocate available resources, to assess the operating system, initial
commitment, software houses, to expand resources on the development of
application packages, both actual and potential, to process several application
programs concurrently, to reside through processing, to be instantly
available, to exceed the internal memory capacity.
2. Give English equivalents of the
following.
Управляти та контролювати апаратне обладнання; бути доступним негайно; управляти
програмами; постійно зберігатися в процесі обробки; керувати завершенням; фірми, що
розробляють та постачають програмне забезпечення; купувати комп’ютерну систему; оцінювати операційну
систему; представлені у хронологічному порядку; розміщувати доступні (необхідні) ресурси; привести комп’ютер у робочий стан; забезпечити
доступ до процесу; як і реальні так і потенційні; завершити початкову установку апаратного обладнання; робити
запити до операційної системи; успішне
під’єднання кабелів та комплектуючих;
відновленням ресурсів; реагувати
(відповідати) на запит; мати доступ до
ресурсів апаратного обладнання; обробляти декілька
прикладних програм одночасно; розміщення
ресурсів; розповсюджувати ресурси для подальшої розробки
пакетів прикладних програм; первинна установка; переповнювати об’єм внутрішньої пам’яті.
3. Match the words in A with
their synonyms in B:
A B
to occur to
store
to edit concurrently
to terminate to
exist in
to assess to
enlarge
to expand to
evaluate
to reside to
complete
to retain to
take place
simultaneously to
correct
4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes
in the appropriate form.
To terminate/ to expand/ to manage/ to occur/ multitasking/
simultaneously
1) The memory capacity can be
… to 256 Mbytes or even several Gbytes in a workstation. 2) The speed at which
computer transactions … is often talked about in terms of billionths of a
second. 3) Today’s computer can give the appearance of doing many things … . This is the concept of … .4) From
the time you turn on your computer until you turn it off, the operating system
is … the operations. 5) As applications execute, request, and receive
resources, or …, the operating system takes care of these action.
5. Translate sentences into English using words and
word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes
1) Зараз всі операційні системи використовують деякі форми
мультипрограмування. 2) Персональний комп’ютер може зберігати різні програми одночасно. 3)
Операційна система керує всіма доступними ресурсами на комп’ютері. 4) Вам слід
оцінити операційну системи перед тим, як встановити її . 5) Щоб привести ваш
комп’ютер у робочий стан, спершу потрібно під’єднати кабелі та комплектуючі. 6)
Операційна система встановлюється у
внутрішню пам’ять.
Grammar in Use
The Future
Continuous Tense
1. Open the brackets using the
Future Continuous Tense.
1) The computer (to
store) instructions the whole time tomorrow. 2) When I come the programmer (to
write) a program at 12 o’clock tomorrow. 3) The use of laser printer (to
become) widespread among telephone and electric utilities. 4) The attached
keyboards (to use) these printing methods. 5) The information (to send) from
the computer to the printer the whole morning tomorrow. 6) Automated designs
and research (to introduce) expertise systems. 7) Colour video display (to
become) more common.
2. Put the sentences of
exercise 1 into negative form.
3. Put the questions to the
sentences of exercise 1.
4. Change the following into the Future Continuous
Tense.
1) There is no doubt that
computers solve problems very quickly. 2) Instructions direct the operation of
a computer. 3) Computers bring with them both economic and social changes. 4)
It is well known that computers prepare laboratory tests. 5) They receive a
subscription magazine once a month. 6) A computer solves a series of problems.
7) Electric pulses move at the speed of light.
Additional Text
(for individual work)
Read the
text in
order to give the description of UNIX OS.
UNIX Operating System
Unix started to be developed around 1969, with the first published description appearing
in 1973. It was developed at an ATT research lab and was made freely available
to universities, encouraging its widespread adoption. Unlike earlier operating
systems which had been written in assembly language, the code for Unix was largely in C. The use of a high level language made
the code much easier for programmers to understand and maintain. Further, the
Unix OS was designed! The programmers who developed Unix
started with a clear idea of how their OS was to work and what services it was
to provide. Unix was more limited in its aims than
many other
• the innermost layer (the "kernel")
has the code for the i/o handling routines ("device drivers") etc;
• another layer contains the code for process
management, file management, and memory management;
• further layers contain code for looking after
wide area and local networks and
so forth;
• the next layer out comprised large numbers of useful utility programs
– programs for copying files, comparing files to find differences etc
• the outermost layer (the "shell")
was the job control language interpreter, but this JCL interpreter was much
more flexible than any that had been proposed
previously.
Unix was originally written for a
particular kind of computer (the "PDP11/20") manufactured by Digital
Equipment Corporation (DEC). But, the relatively clean design of the system,
and the use of a high level language, made it possible for the system to be
adapted to other computers (only the "device drivers" and other
really low level code had to be redone). Unix was
moved to related but more powerful computer architectures (DEC's VAX series of
computers) and to totally different computer architectures. During the 1980s, Unix was adapted to run on computers as diverse as the
modern Cray supercomputers down to personal computers with Intel-80386 CPU
chips. The
Unix thus has the advantage of being a system that
is non-proprietary, is widely available, and is effective in its original role
of supporting program development. Most students continuing with computing
studies will eventually get to work with some Unix
systems. Modern Unix systems have been expanded so as
to handle tasks other than the "programmers' workbench" of the
original design. These extensions (to handle large databases, some transaction
processing and so forth) were demanded by customers. In some respects, these
extensions detract from Unix which no longer has a
quite the simplicity and elegance of its early forms.
UNIX. This as, designed
by Bell Laboratories for minicomputers and workstations, has been widely
adopted by many corporate installations. From the very first, it
was designed to be a multi-tasking system written in C language.
LINUX (Linus Torvalds). Protected under the GNU general public license Linux is the open source, cooperatively-developed POSIX based, multi-tasking operating system. Linux is used as a high-value, fully-functional UNIX workstation for applications ranging from Internet Servers to reliable workgroup computing. Linux is available for Intel platforms.