Unit 1
Text Study: The Structure of a Computer.
Additional Text:
The Bus.
Grammar: The Present Perfect Tense.
Text Study
1. Repeat the words in
chorus:
Central
Processing Unit (CPU), circuit, multiplication, addition, to identify, to
execute, to fetch, to load, route.
2. While reading the text you
will come across a number of international words. Try to guess what Ukrainian
words they remind of you:
Data,
calculation, electronic, arithmetic, program, instruction, peripheral, printer.
3. Pay attention to some
grammatical points:
1) All the other components work together by transferring data over the bus. 2) Sometimes, the CPU will arrange for data be taken from an input device, transfer through the controller, move
over the bus and get loaded directly
into the CPU. 3) Data being output
follows the same route in reverse – moving
from the CPU, over the bus, through a controller and out to a device. 4) In
other cases, the CPU may get a device controller to move data directly into, or out of, main memory. 5) Instructions
and data are stored in main memory.
II. Reading
Read the text and be ready to
find in the text the answers to the following questions:
·
What is the structure of
a computer?
·
What is the function of
the CPU?
The
Structure of a Computer
A computer contains several major subsystems such as the Central
Processing Unit (CPU), memory, and peripheral device controllers. These
components all plug into a "Bus". The bus is essentially a
communications highway; all the other components work together by transferring
data over the bus.
The active part of the computer, the part that does calculations and
controls all the other parts is the "Central Processing Unit" (CPU).
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains electronic clocks that control the
timing of all operations; electronic circuits that carry out arithmetic
operations like addition and multiplication; circuits that identify and execute
the instructions that make up a program; and circuits that fetch the data from
memory. Instructions and data are stored in main memory. The CPU fetches them
as needed.
Peripheral device controllers look after input devices, like keyboards
and mice, output devices, like printers and graphics displays, and storage
devices like disks. The CPU and peripheral controllers work together to
transfer information between the computer and its users. Sometimes, the CPU
will arrange for data be taken from an input device,
transfer through the controller, move over the bus and get loaded directly into
the CPU.
Data being output follows the same route in reverse – moving from the
CPU, over the bus, through a controller and out to a device. In other cases,
the CPU may get a device controller to move data directly into, or out of, main
memory.
Vocabulary Notes
subsystem – підсистемна
частина системи, компонент системи.
a device [dI'vais] – прилад, механізм; апарат, машина
to plug – затискати, закупорювати, включать в сіть, вставлять вилку в розетку.
the bus – шина
highway ['haIweI] – головна лінія зв’язку,
основний шлях, магістраль
to transfer ['trxnsfq(:)] – переносити,
переміщати
to contain – включати в себе.
circuit – 1) цикл,
сукупність операцій; комплекс вправ 2) електр. схема, коло.
to identify [aI'dentifaI] – 1) встановлювати тотожність, вирізняти 2) розпізнавати;
встановлювати особистість 3) співпадати.
to execute ['eksIkju:t] – виконувати, реалізовувати.
to store [stL] – 1) зберігати 2) вміщувати, акумулювати.
to fetch – витягати, видобувати (дані), доставляти,
приносити.
input /output device – пристрої вводу/виводу
to arrange [q'reIndZ] – 1) приводити в порядок, розміщати 2)
класифікувати, систематизувати 3) організовувати, підготовлювати.
to move – 1) рухатись, пересуватися 2) переїжджати,
переселятися.
a route [rHt] – комп. траса, дорога; маршрут; тракт ( передачі
інформації
Comprehension
1.
Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1) A computer contains two major subsystems. 2) The main active part of
a computer is CPU. 3) Instructions and data are stored in CPU. 4) Peripheral device
controllers look after input devices, output devices and storage devices like
disks. 5) The CPU and peripheral controllers work together to transfer
information between the computer and its users.
2.
Choose the right answer:
1) A computer contains several
major subsystems such as:
a) the
CPU and peripheral device controllers;
b) the
Central Processing Unit, memory and peripheral device controllers;
c) the
Central Processing Unit and memory.
2) All the components of computer work together by
transferring data over …
a) the
CPU;
b) the
bus;
c) the
memory.
3) … fetches
instructions and data from the main memory as needed.
a) the
CPU;
b) the
peripheral controllers;
c) the
subsystems.
4) Peripheral device
controllers look after input devices … .
a) like printers and graphics displays;
b) like keyboards and mice;
c) like disks.
5) To transfer information
between the computer and its users we need
a) the CPU and peripheral
controllers;
b) the CPU;
c) peripheral
controllers.
3.Complete the sentences:
1) A computer contains several major subsystems such as …
. 2) The bus is … . 3) Central Processing Unit
is … . 4) The Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains … . 5) Instructions and data are stored (where?) … . 6) Peripheral device controllers look after (what?) … . 7) The CPU and peripheral controllers work together to
transfer information between … .
4.
Answer the questions:
1) What subsystems does a computer contain? 2) What is the bus? 3) What
part
does calculations and controls all the other parts? 4) What does the CPU contain?
5) Where are instructions and data stored? 6) What do controllers look after?
7) why do the CPU and peripheral controllers work
together? 8) What will the CPU sometimes arrange for? 9) What route does data
being output follow?
5.
Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following
important information:
*6.
Try to tell the gist of the text.
Word Study
1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the
following.
Major subsystems, the Central Processing Unit (CPU),
memory, peripheral device controllers, communications highway, to do
calculations, to transfer data, to contain electronic clock, electronic
circuits, to carry out arithmetic operations, to identify and execute the
instructions, to fetch the data from memory, to look after input devices,
output devices, storage devices, to transfer information between the computer
and its users, move over the bus, follows the same route in reverse.
2. Give English equivalents of the
following.
Головні
підсистеми, центральний процесор, пам’ять, периферійні пристрої управління,
супермагістраль зв’язку, виконувати обчислення, переносити дані, включати в
себе електронний годинник, електронні схеми, виконувати арифметичні операції,
виявляти і виконувати операції, витягувати дані з пам’яті, наглядати за
пристроями вводу, пристрої виводу, пристрої пам’яті, обмінюватись інформацією
між комп’ютером і користувачем, переміщатись над шиною, слідувати таким же
маршрутом навпаки.
3. Match the words in A with
their synonyms in B:
A B
device way
transfer mechanism
contain conserve
circuit organize
execute transmit
store include
arrange area
route make
4. Fill in the gaps
with the words from Vocabulary Notes in the appropriate form.
input / to fetch /
electronic circuits / the CPU / control / to transfer
1)
The part that does calculations and controls all the other parts is …. 2)
Electronic clocks … the timing of all operations. 3) … carry out arithmetic
operations like addition and multiplication. 4) There are circuits that … the data from memory.
5) … devices are keyboards and mice. 6) The CPU and peripheral controllers work
together … information between the computer and its users.
5. Translate sentences into English using
words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
1. Комп’ютер
складається з багатьох підсистем. 2. Центральний процесор допомагає виконувати
обчислення і контролювати всі частини комп’ютера. 3.Центральний процесор вміщує
електронну схему, яка виконує операції додавання і множення. 4. Крім
центрального процесора комп’ютер складається з додаткових пристроїв управління.
5. Вони відповідають за пристрої вводу,
виводу та запам’ятовування. 6. Центральний процесор і додаткові пристрої
управління працюють разом для забезпечення взаємодії
між комп’ютером і користувачем.
Grammar in Use
The Present Perfect Tense
1. Put the Infinitive in brackets in the Present Perfect Tense.
1) Recently the computer (to be)
the greatest technological invention of the twentieth century. 2) A computer
already (to solve) many problems electronically. 3) Many electronics students
already (to go on) to work as engineers. 4) Today’s computers (to be)
technologically far superior
to those used a few years ago. 5) Lately an electronic pen (to
be) an example of an input device. 6) Scientists (to
produce) many mechanical calculating machines since Pascal, the French
mathematician, made his in 1642, but the 1940s when the first electronic
computer was made. 7) The history of the multi-billion dollar PC industry (to
be) one of mistakes. 8) Most people already (to choose) an online service
because of the price or the number of available files.
2. Put these sentences into interrogative and negative form.
1) The history of the
multi-billion dollar PC industry has been one of mistakes. 2) Xerox Corporation
has already funded the initial research on personal computers in their
3. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Present Perfect or the Past
Indefinite..
1) Babbage (to be)
born in 1791. 2) He (to work) out plans for several calculating machines which
he (to call) ‘engines’. 2) But he never (to finish) any of them. 3) Recently,
however, the
Additional Text
(for
individual work)
Read and translate
the text.
Bus
A computer's bus can be viewed as consisting of about one hundred
parallel wires. Some of these wires carry timing signals, others will have
control signals, another group will have a bit pattern code that identifies the
component (CPU, memory, peripheral controller) that is to deal with the data,
and other wires carry signals encoding the data. Signals are sent over the bus
by setting voltages on the different wires (the voltages are small, like
0-volts and 1-volt). When a voltage is applied to a wire the effect propagates
along that wire at close to the speed of light; since the bus is only a few
inches long, the signals are detectable essentially instantaneously by all
attached components. Transmission of information is controlled by clocks that
put timing signals on some of the wires. Information signals are encoded on to
the bus, held for a few clock ticks to give all components a chance to
recognize and if appropriate take action, then the signals are cleared. The
clock that controls the bus may be "ticking" at more than one hundred
million ticks per second The "plugs" that
attach components to the bus incorporate quite sophisticated circuits. These
circuits interpret the patterns of 0/1 voltages set on the control and address
lines – thus memory can recognize a signal as "saying" something like
"store the data at address xxx", while a disk control unit can
recognize a message like "get ready to write to disk block identified by
these data bits". In addition, these circuits deal with "bus
arbitration". Sometimes, two or more components may want to put signals on
the bus at exactly the same time – the bus arbitration circuitry resolves such
conflicts giving one component precedence (the other component waits a few
hundred millionths of a second and then gets the next chance to send its data).
1. Divide the text into the
logical parts and give a title to each one.
2. Put questions to the text.
3. Discuss it with your
groupmates.