Unit 7

 

PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE

 

Task 1. Read and learn the words and word combinations.

interconnection – взаємозв’язок

to be concerned with – стосуватися, відноситися

frequently – часто

universe – всесвіт

validated – затверджений, ратифікований, оголошений дійсним

to disregard – не звертати уваги, не надавати значення

practical affairs – практичні справи

to confine – обмежувати

hence – 1) отже, 2) звідси 3) відтепер, віднині

equation – рівняння (мат.)

apparent connection – видимий зв’язок, очевидний зв’язок

strength – міцність, опір

to extend the findings – поширювати здобутки

extension – розповсюдження , поширення, зростання

cancer treatment – лікування раку

fertilizers - добрива

metal fatigue – стомлення металу

conversely - навпаки

to undertake – починати, братися

mutually dependent - взаємозалежний

 

Task 2. Make up sentences with the words given in task 1.

 

Task 3. Try to guess the meaning of the following phrases

1. to be primarily concerned with — to be originally or principally involved or interested in...

2. to be sufficiently validated — to make legally valid as; much as it needed.

3. to have (no) apparent connection — to have (no) evident (visible) relation.

4. to improve the sampling procedures — to make better the procedures of selecting samples, specimen.

5. to be evident — to be clear, easy to see.

6. to apply a particular concept — to use practically a specific (unusual) idea, notion.

7. to reveal a gap or limitation (in) ... — to show a blank space or restriction (in).

8. pure scientist — a scientist who deals with pure (theoretical or abstract) science, knowledge.

9. to be able (unable) to undertake — to be able (unable) to.

 

 

Task 4. Read the text and discuss it. Write a synopsis of the text in five sentences.

PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE

As students of science you are probably sometimes puzzled by the terms "pure" and "applied" science. Are these two totally different activities, having little or no interconnection, as is often implied? Let us begin by examining what is done by each.

Pure science is primarily concerned with the development of theories (or, as they are frequently called, models) establishing relationships between the phenomena of the universe. When they are sufficiently validated these theories (hypotheses, models) become the working laws or principles of science. In carrying out this work, the pure scientist usually disregards its application to practical affairs, confining his attention to explanations of how and why events occur, hence, in physics, the equations describing the behaviour of fundamental particles, or in biology, the establishment of the life cycle of a particular species of insect living in a Polar environment are said to be examples of pure science (basic research), having no apparent connection (for the moment) with technology, i.e. applied science.

Applied science, on the other hand, is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs of life, and to increasing man's control over his environment, thus leading to the development of new techniques, processes and machines. Such activities as investigating the strength and uses of materials, extending the findings of pure mathematics to improve the sampling procedures used in agriculture or the social sciences, and developing the potentialities of atomic energy, are all examples of the work of the applied scientist or technologist.

It is evident that many branches of applied science are practical extensions of purely theoretical or experimental work. Thus the study of activity began as a piece of pure research, but its results are now applied in a great number of different ways — in cancer treatment in medicine, the development of fertilizers in agriculture, the study of metal fatigue in engineering, in methods of estimating the ages of objects in anthropology and geology, etc. Conversely, work in applied science and technology frequently acts as a direct stimulus to the development of pure science. Such an interaction occurs, for example, when the technologist, in applying a particular concept of pure science to a practical problem, reveals a gap or limitation in the theoretical model, thus pointing the way for further basic research. Often a further interaction occurs, since the pure scientist is unable to undertake this further research until another technologist provides him with more highly-developed instruments.

It seems, then, that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting, and that the so-called division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.

 

Task 5. Translate the following words and word combinations:

Прикладна наука, не мати взаємозв’язків, розвиток теорії, зв’язки між явищами, робочі закони, практичне застосування, встановлення життєвого циклу, чиста наука, збільшення людського контролю, розвиток нових технологій, соціальні науки, практичне поширення, метод оцінки, прямий стимул, подальше дослідження, забезпечувати інструментами, поділ між теоретичною та прикладною науками.

 

Task 6. Complete the sentences:

1. Pure science is primarily concerned with ______ .

2. The pure scientist usually disregards _______.

3. Applied science is directly concerned with _______ .

4. Many branches of applied science are __________.

5. The study of activity began as a piece of _______ .

6. The results of pure research are now applied in _____ .

7. Work in applied science and technology frequently acts as _____.

8. Pure and applied sciences are mutually _____ .

 

Task 7. Put questions to underlined  words.

1. You are sometimes puzzled by the terms "pure" and "applied" science.

2. Pure science is concerned with the development of theories.

3. The pure scientist usually confines his attention to explanations of how and why events occur.

4. Applied science is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs of life.

5. Many branches of applied science are practical extensions of purely theoretical or experimental work.

6. Work in applied science frequently acts as a direct stimulus to the development of pure science.

7. The pure scientist is unable to undertake this further research until another technologist provides him with more highly-developed instruments.

 

Task 8. Answer the questions.

1. What two types of science do you know?

2. What does pure science deal with?

3. When do hypotheses and models become the working laws or principles of science?

4. What does the pure scientist disregard and what does he confine his attention to?

5. What is applied science concerned with?

6. What is the difference between pure and applied sciences?

7. How do pure and applied sciences collaborate?

 

Task 9. Translate the following sentences.

1. Чиста та прикладна науки тісно пов’язані між собою. 2. Теоретична (чиста) наука займається розвитком теорій та встановленням зв’язків між різними явищами. 3. Якщо гіпотези підтверджуються, вони стають робочими законами. 4. Прикладна наука застосовує робочі закони теоретичної науки у практичних цілях. 5. Прикладна наука розробляє нові технології та створює різні механізми та машини. 6. Прикладна наука має великий вплив на різні галузі теоретичних та експериментальних досліджень. 7. Результати теоретичних досліджень завжди широко застосовуються у медицині, машинобудуванні, сільському господарстві тощо. 8. Інколи теоретичні дослідники не можуть продовжувати своє дослідження без спеціальних інструментів, запропонованих практичною наукою. 9. Теоретична і прикладна науки є взаємозалежними і не можуть обійтися одна без одної.

 

Task 10. Make a list of the most important points for you in the text

 

Task 11. Speak on the following problems and discuss them with your colleagues:

a) difference between pure and applied sciences;

b) mutual dependence between pure and applied sciences.

c) Summarize the general information about the investi­gation of your own.

 

 

Lexical revision. Commonly misused words. Translate the sentences. Choose the correct usage with the help of a dictionary if necessary.

1. Eventually, every living thing dies /dyes. I'll never die/dye my hair.

2. The builders discovered/invented oil in our land. Whitney discovered /invented the cotton gin.

3. Marlene draws/drawers very well. She keeps her pads and pencils in the top draw / drawer of her desk.

4. The Harlows emigrated /immigrated from England. After emigrating / immigrating to the United States, the Harlows settled in Kansas.

5. John Simpson is an infamous /famous car thief. Arthur Jones is an/a infamous / famous pianist.