LESSON TWELVE
READING EXERCISES
I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:
a) stress the first syllable:
various, issuing, digital, functional, circuit, signal, storage, actual, secondary
b) stress the second syllable:
processor, precisely, coordinate,
internal, component, particular, refer, determine, entire, command, response,
interpret, arithmetic, direct, transmit, addition, subtraction, locate
a) stress the third syllable:
interchangeably, manufacture, electronic
II. Practice connected reading:
computer science, to be used interchangeably,
the central processing unit, internal memory, basic instructions, to coordinate
all the activities, by acting on responses, to interpret instructions, through
the input-output ports, to be divided into two functional units, the arithmetic
logical unit, electronic circuits, within
the central processor, to transmit coordinating control signals and commands,
the sequence of step-by-step operations, to control the flow, secondary memory
devices
Text A. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
It is well known in
Computer science that the words “computer” and “processor” are used
interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, “computer” refers to the central
processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory,
control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system.
Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for
their particular computer.
The CPU coordinates all
the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which
operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the
operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other parts of the system
and by acting on responses. When required it reads information from the memory,
interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the
instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information
between memory levels or through the input-output ports.
In digital computers the
CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and
the arithmetic logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic
circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on
or off.
The function of the CU
within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and
commands. The control unit is that part of the computer that directs the
sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and
data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow
between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.
The ALU, on the other
hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations,
namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation,
called for in the instructions are performed.
Programs and the data on
which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be
processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or
tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.
1. computer science
інформатика
2. interchangeably
взаємозамінно
3. CPU (central processing unit)
центральний
процесор
4. internal memory
внутрішня пам’ять
5. computer system
обчислювальна система
6. to issue commands
давати команди
7. to interpret
інтерпретувати (розшифрувати
і виконати)
8.
to
write
back
записати
повторно
9.
input-output
port
порт уведення-виведення
10.
control
unit
пристрій керування
11.
ALU (arithmetic
logical
unit)
арифметично-логічний блок
12. step-by-step
поступовий
13. main storage
оперативна пам’ять
14. exponentiation
піднесення до степеня
15.
to call for
передбачати
16. secondary memory
вторинна пам’ять
17. disk дискета
18. tape
стрічка
WORD-STUDY
EXERCISES
I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian
equivalents:
processor, computer, control, component, design, port, instruction, operation, system, information, result, electronic, million, central, interpret, actual, arithmetic, disk
II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:
change – interchange – interchangeable –
interchangeably, to instruct – instruction, to act – active – activity, to
operate – operation, to inform – information, function – functional, logic –
logical, electron – electronic, center -
central, to process – processor,
name – namely, to add – addition,
to subtract – subtraction, to multiply – multiplication, to divide – division,
to exponent – exponentiation
III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:
a) similar meaning:
precisely, to carry out, basic,
instruction, entire, to issue, response, to require, data, unit, to consist of,
step-by-step, within, actual, to call for, to locate, whole, device,
accurately, to be made up of, to place, inside, to perform, to demand, command,
gradual, real, to envisage, main, reaction, to give, information
b) opposite meaning:
known, internal, basic, various, order,
on the one hand, addition, multiplication, main, minor, division, similar,
unknown, secondary, on the other hand, disorder, external, subtraction
LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:
according to the
instructions,
computer science, to be used interchangeably,
the central processing unit, internal memory, basic instructions, to coordinate
all the activities, by acting on responses, to interpret instructions, through
the input-output ports, to be divided into two functional units, the arithmetic
logical unit, electronic circuits, within
the central processor, to transmit coordinating control signals and commands,
the sequence of step-by-step operations, to control the flow, secondary memory
devices
II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:
добре відомо,
центральний процесор, внутрішня пам’ять, контролювати і виконувати основні інструкції, різні
компоненти, виконувати операції, інтерпретувати інструкції, відповідно до
команд, порт уведення-виведення, передавати команди і сигнали, а саме, оперативна
пам’ять, послідовність
операцій, передбачений, таким чином, вторинна пам’ять
III.
Translate the
sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary
of the text:
1. The ALU and the
control unit are often grouped together and referred to as the central processing unit (CPU). 2.
The ALU is the area of the computer where arithmetic and logic operations are
performed on data. 3. The control unit manages and coordinates the entire
computer system. 4. The control unit obtains instructions from the program
stored in main memory, interprets the instructions and issues signals that
cause other units of the system to execute them. 5. Binary arithmetic (двійкова арифметика), the logical operations and some special functions are
performed by the arithmetic-logical unit. 6. At the core (магнітне осердя) of
the ALU is a very high speed binary adder
(двійковий
суматор)
which is used to
carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions – addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division.
IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the Gerund.
1.
Increasing the number of power
stations in our country means improving living standards of people. 2. The new
means of improving radio
communication has been discovered by our engineers. 3. Iron and zinc plates are
used for producing negative
electrodes since these materials produce a high voltage.
V. Read the sentences and
find those ones where the rule of the Sequence of Tenses is used.
1.
Some years ago
VI. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, mind the use of “for”:
Note: for cj –
оскільки, тому що, бо
prep – для, протягом, на, у, до
for + іменник +
інфінітив – щоб
1. This new machine has been working
for twelve hours
without stopping. 2. This semiconductor was used for the first time at our plant. 3. The use
of charcoal and other absorbents for the removal of impurities from a
substance in solution has long been common practice. 4. For this reason
this material couldn’t be used as a conductor. 5. There is one use for which the
carbon lamp suits better than the tungsten lamp. 6. Photoelectric cells are
known to be used for detecting flaws in certain products. 7. For centuries
glass was used for jewelry, ornaments and mosaic. 8. The temperature was to low for the substance to decompose.
VII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “available”:
Note:
available – 1) який є (в
розпорядженні)
2) доступний
3) отриманий (в результаті)
1. One of the most useful tools
available to
chemists is the periodic table of elements. 2. The physical properties of
thousands of substances are readily available in some of the handbooks. 3. When the
substances are only available in minute amounts they can be subjected to
microanalysis which requires special apparatus including a microbalance and
very careful manipulation. 4. All of our available energy has come from the sun. 5.
Selection of the most suitable material or a given purpose must be made on the
basis of the best available information on the behaviour of possible materials
under the exact conditions existing and on the basis of the available
experience and on the basis of intelligent use of information obtained.
VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:
Text B. Formatting a document
Before you print your document, you can
choose how you want it look on paper. This is called formatting. Some
word-processing programs ask you to do this before you start writing. Others
wait until you are ready to print your document and then give you a list of
choices. The instructions that you use to tell the computer how to print your
document are called formatting commands.
What are some of the choices that you
have for formatting text? Most word-processing programs allow you to adjust the line spacing (відрегулювати
міжрядковий інтервал) on
your document. That means that you can select the amount of empty (незаповнений) space (інтервал, проміжок) between printed lines. You can print your document using either single-spaced (одинарний інтервал), double-spaced or triple-spaced text. You can also
choose how much of a margin (поле сторінки) you want between your writing and the
edges of the paper.
Some word-processing
programs (програми опрацювання текстів) have a formatting command that prints justified lines (лінії вирівнювання). Justified
lines form straight margins on both sides of this paper.
COMPREHENSION
I. State the most important facts from the text and write them down.
II. Answer the following questions on the text A:
1.
What words in computer science are used
interchangeably and why?
2.
What components make up the heart of the
computer system?
3.
What is the function of the CPU?
4.
In what way does the CPU control the
operation of the whole system?
5.
What is the sequence of operations the
CPU performs?
6.
What is the function of the CU?
7.
What operations are performed in the ALU?
8.
Where are data processed?
9.
Where are data to be processed loaded
into?
III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.