LESSON  TWELVE

READING EXERCISES

I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

a)   stress the first syllable:

various, issuing, digital, functional, circuit, signal, storage, actual, secondary

b)  stress the second syllable:

     processor, precisely, coordinate, internal, component, particular, refer, determine, entire, command, response, interpret, arithmetic, direct, transmit, addition, subtraction, locate

a)   stress the third syllable:

interchangeably, manufacture, electronic

II. Practice connected reading:

computer science, to be used interchangeably, the central processing unit, internal memory, basic instructions, to coordinate all the activities, by acting on responses, to interpret instructions, through the input-output ports, to be divided into two functional units, the arithmetic logical unit, electronic circuits, within the central processor, to transmit coordinating control signals and commands, the sequence of step-by-step operations, to control the flow, secondary memory devices

Text A. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

It is well known in Computer science that the words “computer” and “processor” are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, “computer” refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.

The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issuing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.

In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off.

The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.

The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.

Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.

Vocabulary notes

1.    computer science                            інформатика

2.    interchangeably                              взаємозамінно

3.    CPU (central processing unit)       центральний процесор

4.    internal memory                             внутрішня пам’ять

5.    computer system                             обчислювальна система

6.    to issue commands                          давати команди

7.    to interpret                                      інтерпретувати (розшифрувати

                                                                 і виконати)

8.    to write back                                    записати повторно

9.    input-output port                            порт уведення-виведення

10.  control unit                                      пристрій керування

11.  ALU (arithmetic logical unit)        арифметично-логічний блок

12.  step-by-step                                      поступовий

13.  main storage                                    оперативна пам’ять

14.   exponentiation                                піднесення до степеня

15.                    to call for                                          передбачати

16.  secondary memory                          вторинна пам’ять

17.  disk                                                   дискета

18.  tape                                                   стрічка

 

WORD-STUDY

EXERCISES

I. Read the following international words and give their Ukrainian equivalents:

processor, computer, control, component, design, port, instruction, operation, system, information, result, electronic, million, central, interpret, actual, arithmetic, disk

II. Read and translate the following words of the common root:

change – interchange – interchangeable – interchangeably, to instruct – instruction, to act – active – activity, to operate – operation, to inform – information, function – functional, logic – logical, electron – electronic, center -  central, to process – processor,  name – namely,  to add – addition, to subtract – subtraction, to multiply – multiplication, to divide – division, to exponent – exponentiation

III. Arrange the following words in pairs according to:

a)   similar meaning:

precisely, to carry out, basic, instruction, entire, to issue, response, to require, data, unit, to consist of, step-by-step, within, actual, to call for, to locate, whole, device, accurately, to be made up of, to place, inside, to perform, to demand, command, gradual, real, to envisage, main, reaction, to give, information

b)   opposite meaning:

known, internal, basic, various, order, on the one hand, addition, multiplication, main, minor, division, similar, unknown, secondary, on the other hand, disorder, external, subtraction

LEXICAL AND GRAMMAR EXERCISES

I. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

according to the instructions, computer science, to be used interchangeably, the central processing unit, internal memory, basic instructions, to coordinate all the activities, by acting on responses, to interpret instructions, through the input-output ports, to be divided into two functional units, the arithmetic logical unit, electronic circuits, within the central processor, to transmit coordinating control signals and commands, the sequence of step-by-step operations, to control the flow, secondary memory devices

II. Find in the text equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

добре відомо, центральний процесор, внутрішня память, контролювати і виконувати основні інструкції, різні компоненти, виконувати операції, інтерпретувати інструкції, відповідно до команд, порт уведення-виведення, передавати команди і сигнали, а саме, оперативна память, послідовність операцій, передбачений, таким чином, вторинна память

III. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active  vocabulary  of the text:

     1. The ALU and the control unit are often grouped together and referred  to as the central processing unit (CPU). 2. The ALU is the area of the computer where arithmetic and logic operations are performed on data. 3. The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system. 4. The control unit obtains instructions from the program stored in main memory, interprets the instructions and issues signals that cause other units of the system to execute them. 5. Binary arithmetic (двійкова арифметика), the logical operations and some special functions are performed by the arithmetic-logical unit. 6. At the core (магнітне осердя) of the ALU is a very high speed binary adder (двійковий суматор) which is used to carry out at least the four basic arithmetic functions – addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

IV. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the functions of the Gerund.

1. Increasing the number of power stations in our country means improving living standards of people. 2. The new means of improving radio communication has been discovered by our engineers. 3. Iron and zinc plates are used for producing negative electrodes since these materials produce a high voltage. 4. In designing electronic computers we have passed from valves to transistor. 5. Without increasing the temperature of metals it is impossible to increase their resistance. 6. Radiation is usually detected by measuring the amount of ionization.7. They used a better method of obtaining the element. 8. Some investigators produced phosphorus by heating its compounds to very high temperatures with carbon.

V. Read the sentences and find those ones where the rule of the Sequence of Tenses is used.

1. Some years ago India began its Satellite Instructional Televi­sion Experiment. This experiment showed (that) satellite television programs had been a success with schoolchildren, their knowledge level had increased considerably. It was found that children could remember and speak about programs which they had seen several weeks back. 2. Many experts could not decide whether so much TV was harmful to the individual’s health and mental activity or not. 3. Specialists did not know if it was possible to continue modernizing the electronic equipment of this kind – the costs were too high. 4. There appeared some reports that we had technical means to use much more channels on a TV set and we should be able to see many sports and news programs from all parts of the world soon. 5. At first it was not clear whether new telephone and teletype communication with ships via six satellites was economical and re­liable or not. 6. It was announced that the cryogenic cable had been invented in Russia. 7. We know different transmitters are used in a television system – one for the sound channel and the other for the picture channel. 8. We learnt from the lecture that electricity was still considered the main source for new technological developments.

VI. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, mind the use of “for”:

     Note: for cj оскільки, тому що, бо

                 prepдля, протягом, на, у, до

               for + іменник + інфінітив – щоб

1. This new machine has been working for twelve hours without stopping. 2. This semiconductor was used for the first time at our plant. 3. The use of charcoal and other absorbents for the removal of impurities from a substance in solution has long been common practice. 4. For this reason this material couldn’t be used as a conductor. 5. There is one use for which the carbon lamp suits better than the tungsten lamp. 6. Photoelectric cells are known to be used for detecting flaws in certain products. 7. For centuries glass was used for jewelry, ornaments and mosaic. 8. The temperature was to low for the substance to decompose.

VII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “available”:

     Note: available – 1) який є  (в розпорядженні)

                              2) доступний

                              3) отриманий (в результаті)

1. One of the most useful tools available to chemists is the periodic table of elements. 2. The physical properties of thousands of substances are readily available in some of the handbooks. 3. When the substances are only available in minute amounts they can be subjected to microanalysis which requires special apparatus including a microbalance and very careful manipulation. 4. All of our available energy has come from the sun. 5. Selection of the most suitable material or a given purpose must be made on the basis of the best available information on the behaviour of possible materials under the exact conditions existing and on the basis of the available experience and on the basis of intelligent use of information obtained.

VIII. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. Formatting a document

Before you print your document, you can choose how you want it look on paper. This is called formatting. Some word-processing programs ask you to do this before you start writing. Others wait until you are ready to print your document and then give you a list of choices. The instructions that you use to tell the computer how to print your document are called formatting commands.

What are some of the choices that you have for formatting text? Most word-processing programs allow you to adjust the line spacing (відрегулювати міжрядковий інтервал) on your document. That means that you can select the amount of empty (незаповнений) space (інтервал, проміжок) between printed lines. You can print your document using either single-spaced (одинарний інтервал), double-spaced or triple-spaced text. You can also choose how much of a margin (поле сторінки) you want between your writing and the edges of the paper.

Some word-processing programs (програми опрацювання текстів) have a formatting command that prints justified lines (лінії вирівнювання). Justified lines form straight margins on both sides of this paper.

COMPREHENSION

I.  State the most important facts from the text and write them down.

II. Answer the following questions on the text A:

1.    What words in computer science are used interchangeably and why?

2.    What components make up the heart of the computer system?

3.    What is the function of the CPU?

4.    In what way does the CPU control the operation of the whole system?

5.    What is the sequence of operations the CPU performs?

6.    What is the function of the CU?

7.    What operations are performed in the ALU?

8.    Where are data processed?

9.    Where are data to be processed loaded into?

III. Make a short summary of the text according to your own plan.