Unit
1
Text Study: Basic
Elements of a Computer.
Additional
Text: The
Computer System.
Grammar:
The Present Continuous Tense.
Text
Study
1. Repeat the words in
chorus:
Acquainted, procedure, architectural, cause, particularly, certain, substituted.
2.
While reading the text you will come across a number of new words. Try to guess
what Ukrainian words they remind of you:
Electronic, mechanical, documentation, data, analysis, to assist, specialists, programmer, inventory.
3. Pay attention to some
grammatical points:
1) Not visible, the
information in the form of data and programs is the software — the set of
computer programs, procedures, and associated
documentation that make possible the effective operation of the computer
system.2) They do not solve specific problems they are written to assist people in the use of the computer system by performing
tasks such as controlling all of the operations required. 3) The person who prepares systems software is referred to as a systems programmer.
4) For example, in an instance where cost is more important than performance,
the computer system architect might
decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply two
numbers, but instead write instructions (software) to cause the machine to accomplish the same function by repeated use
of circuits already designed to perform addition.
II. Reading
Read the text and be ready to
find in the text the answers to the following questions:
Basic
Elements of a Computer
As we know all
computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing,
controlling, and outputting. Now we'll get acquainted with the computer system
units that perform these functions.
The electronic and
mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. Thus, the
input, storage, processing and control devices are hardware. Not visible, the information in the form of data and
programs is the software — the set
of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation that make
possible the effective operation of the computer system. Software programs are
of two types: systems software and applications software.
Systems software are
the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. They do
not solve specific problems they are written to assist people in the use of the
computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all of the operations
required, to move data into and out of a computer all of the steps in executing
an application program. The person who prepares systems software is referred to
as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and
important members of the architectural team.
Applications software are
the programs written to solve specific problems (applications), such as
payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program usually
refers to an application program, and the word programmer is usually a person
who prepares applications software.
Often programs,
particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not used for
applications software. These protected programs are stored in an area of memory
called read-only memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written on.
Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe
certain programs that are stored in ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of
instructions (software) that is substituted for hardware. For example, in an
instance where cost is more important than performance, the computer system
architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to
multiply two numbers, but instead write instructions (software) to cause the
machine to accomplish the same function by repeated use of circuits already
designed to perform addition.
Vocabulary
Notes
inputting – введення (даних)
storing – зберігання (даних)
processing – обробка(даних)
controlling – керування, управління
outputting – вивід
to get acquainted [q'kweInt] – познайомитися
procedure[prq'sJdZq]– процес, алгоритм
data [ 'deItq] – дані, інформація
hardware – апаратне обладнання,
«комп’ютерне залізо»
software – програмне забезпечення
systems software – системне програмне
забезпечення
application software – прикладне програмне
забезпечення
specific problems=application – специфічні (прикладні) задачі (завдання)
to execute ['eksIkjHt] – виконувати
an
application program – прикладна програма
a systems programmer – системний програміст
architectural ['RkItekCqrql]team – група розробників (проектувальників)
payroll – платіжна відомість
inventory control – переоблік
investment
analysis – інвестиційний аналіз
read-only memory (ROM) – постійна пам'ять
firmware – вбудоване/мікропроцесорне
програмне забезпечення, «зашиті програми» в ROM
computer system architect ['R:kItekt] – розробник архітектури комп’ютерної системи
Comprehension
1.
Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1) All computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing,
processing, controlling, and outputting. 2) The electronic and mechanical parts
that make up a computer system are called hardware.3) Visible, the information
in the form of data and programs is the software. 4) Software programs are of two types: systems software and
applications software. 5) Applications software are
the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. 6) Systems
software are the programs written to solve specific
problems (applications). 7) The person who prepares systems software is
referred to as a systems programmer. 8) Systems software are
stored in an area of memory called read-only memory (ROM). 9) Firmware often
refers to a sequence of instructions (software) that is substituted for software.
2.
Choose the right answer:
1) All computer systems perform
the functions of … .
a) inputting, storing;
b) controlling and outputting;
c) inputting, storing,
processing, controlling, and outputting.
2) …, the information in the form of data
and programs is the software
a) not visible;
b) visible;
c) however.
3) System software do not solve specific problems they are written to assist people
in the use of the computer system by … tasks.
a) outputting;
b) performing;
c) storing.
4) The person who prepares
systems software is referred to as … .
a) a systems programmer;
b) architect;
c) designer.
5) Often programs, particularly … , are stored in an area of memory not used for
applications software.
a) application;
b) systems software;
c) hardware.
6) Protected programs are stored
in an area of memory called … which can be read from but not written on.
a) computer;
b) random
access memory(RAM);
c) read-only memory (ROM).
7) … is a term that is
commonly used to describe certain programs that are stored in
a) software;
b) hardware;
c) firmware.
3. Complete the sentences.
1) The input,
storage, processing and control devices are … . 2) The
set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation that make
possible the effective operation of the computer system is called … . 3) Systems software are the programs designed … . 4) Applications software are the programs written … . 5) Firmware often refers to … .
4.
Answer the questions:
1) What functions
do all computer systems perform? 2) What devices are
hardware? 3) How many types are software programs? What are they? 4) What is
the system software? 5) What is the application software? 6) What does the word
program refer to? 7) Where are systems software stored? 8) When might the computer
system architect decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to
multiply two numbers?
5.
Find as quickly as possible and read out the sentences containing the following
important information:
*6.
Try to tell the gist of the text.
Word Study
1. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the
following.
The functions of
inputting (storing, processing, controlling, and outputting), to get acquainted
with the computer system units, storage, processing, control devices, hardware, the information in the form of data
and programs, the set of computer programs and procedures, associated
documentation, systems
software, applications software, to control the operation of a computer system,
to solve specific problems, to move data into and out of a computer, protected
programs, a sequence of instructions that
is substituted for hardware, in an instance, cost is more important than
performance, instructions to cause the machine to accomplish the same function.
2. Give English equivalents of the
following.
Команди, які заставляють
комп’ютер виконувати ті ж самі функції; апаратне забезпечення; керувати
операціями комп’ютерної системи; послідовність команд, які є замінними
(замінниками) для апаратного забезпечення; познайомитися з елементами (блоками)
комп’ютерної системи; набір комп’ютерних програм та алгоритмів; ціна є
важливішою, ніж якісні характеристики; захищені програми; функції вводу
(зберігання, управління та виводу); пам’ять; прикладне програмне забезпечення;
пристрій обробки інформації; розв’язувати специфічні задачі; пристрій (блок)
управління; інформація у вигляді даних та програм; відповідна документація; у
випадку; переміщати дані у комп’ютер та
з комп’ютера.
3. Match the words in A with
their synonyms in B:
A B
to execute special
to get acquainted to replace
a procedure a case
data a designer
to substitute to accomplish
architect a method
an instance information
to cause to meet
to assist to make
specific to help
4. Fill in the gaps with the words from Vocabulary Notes
in the appropriate form.
To execute
/ hardware/software/ROM/input/output/application software/system software/
1) Physical parts
that make up a computer system is called … . 2)
Programs which can be used on a particular computer system is called … . 3) The computer … a sequential set of instructions. 4)
By itself, a typical microprocessor IC does not contain the memories and … and
… functions. 5) The purpose of … … is to get the computer operating. 6) The
purpose … … is to get the computer to do a specific job. 7) Another kind of
program that needs no work on your part is the kind that is built into your
computer as … .
5 . Translate sentences into English using
words and word combinations from the Vocabulary Notes.
1) Базовими елементами комп’ютера є апаратне
забезпечення, програмне забезпечення та вбудовані програми. 2) Комп’ютер
виконує алгоритм завдяки системному та прикладному програмному забезпеченню. 3)
Системний програміст є обов’язковим членом команди розробників. 4) На парі
студенти познайомилися з основними функціями комп’ютера, а саме: вводу, виводу,
обробки інформації, зберігання та управління. 5) Базовий мікрокомп’ютер
потребує постійної пам’яті для зберігання програм та команд.
Grammar in Use
The Present Continuous Tense
1. What's happening at the
moment? Write sentences.
1)
Electronic/control/device/of power/ station/ the work.
2)
Of IC/new types/now/increase?
3)
At this moment/operate/control/unit.
4)
They/by keyboard/data/enter.
5)
Where/move/the mouse?
6)
Texts/images/convert/scanners/into/the computer/form.
7)
Our/laboratory/research/use/types/many/electronic/computer.
8)
The measuring/send/system/signals/their/to/the
computer.
2. Put the sentences of
exercise 1 into negative form.
3. Open the brackets using the
Present Continuous Tense or the Present Simple Tense.
1) Computer system
(to have) hardware, software and firmware. 2. The computer (to fetch) and (to
execute) instruction at this moment. 3. The CPU (to consist) of the ALU and
control unit. 4. The speed of computer operation (to depend) on many
capabilities. 5. Computer in some cases (to resemble) a calculation. 6. We
(know) that a computer (to be) a general-purpose machine. 7) They (to suppose)
that their mainframe (to execute) all instruction given to it. 8) He (to prefer)
to use a laptop in his work. 9) When we (to come) to the institute, the
computer (to work). 10) Software programs (to require) to press one or more
buttons.
Additional Text
(for
individual work)
Read, translate the text and
make up a list of words which can be joined under the headline “Computer
System”.
The Computer System
The computer system consists of the computer, fitted with two disk drives, a monitor, and a printer.
Switch on. The computer, disk drive and printer may all have separate switches.
Find the program disk. Computers generally use 3,5
-inch disks which are protected by a square plastic pack. Make sure the disk goes in the right
way. A couple of keys, or sometimes a simple typed instruction, will get the
disk to load. From there on, the program takes over. In some cases, the
computer may require two programs. The first of these is called the operating system. The operating systems
have names like CP/M, UNIX and MS-DOS. The operating system is really just a
program that tells the computer how to control the disk drive, printer, and
whatever is attached. After the operating system is loaded, the main program,
which may be on a separate disk, can go in.
Once the
program starts up, the screen will tell you what to do. Word processing programs
are generally easy to use, and the best way to get acquainted is to take an
hour or two to find your way round. It is impossible to harm the computer by
pressing the wrong keys. Sometimes microcomputers are linked together in what
is called a network.
There are different
input and output devices that can be connected to the computer. Such devices
are known as computer peripherals. Disks
come in a range of sizes. The disk is also called diskette, or flexible disk,
or just ‘floppy’. The disk is protected by a square plastic sleeve which is not
removed: there is a slot that lets the machine get at the disk’s surface. Disks
of all kinds are delicate. DON’T touch the surface of the disk, bend it, or
smoke while using it.
If you are using a
computer with a printer in the office, or have a printer attached to the
terminal you are using, then it is probably one of two types, a daisy wheel
printer or a matrix printer.
The computer keyboard is similar in layout to a
typewriter, but may have extra keys. Just as with typewriters, the layout
differs from make to make. The most usual extra keys are functional keys. These are generally marked F1, F2, etc., and cam
be used for different purposes in different programs. The keyboard is generally
connected to the computer by a flexible cable.
A mouse is a small plastic box on the desk
in front of you. The mouse moves the cursor
which is a flashing square or arrow that is used to point to something on the screen of
the monitor. To move the cursor, you just move the mouse in the appropriate
direction, across the desk, and the cursor follows. The mouse has one or two ‘fire’ buttons on its back.
1. Divide the text into the
logical parts and give a title to each one.
2. Put questions to the text.
3. Discuss it with your
groupmates.