Unit 3
Text study:
Automation and Labour.
Additional Text: Automated Production Lines
Grammar: conjunctions
1.
Repeat the words in chorus:
Knowledge,
nowadays, scientific, to appear, throughout the world, qualitatively, to
discharge, physiological, comprehensively, to lighten, designing, to require.
2.
While reading the text you will come across a number of international words.
Try to guess what Ukrainian words they remind of you:
Principal, technological, progress, form, production, decade, control,
publication, integrate, minimum, communication, radical, machine, function,
mechanism, agent, regulation, intellectual, physiological, system, transport,
organization, microprocessors.
3.
Pay attention to some grammatical points:
1) Automatic control was
recognized to be a new, progressive, independent branch of science and
engineering. 2) Today one cannot imagine
technical progress without automation. 3) Emphasis
should be made that automation is not a mere extension of mechanization. 4)
All the hydro-power plants in the country have
been completely automated. 5)
Modern means of automation make it
possible to link up in a single complex the whole technological chain. 6)
Needless to say, comprehensive automation calls
for material inputs and time. 7)We consider the FMS to be the future of the
automated factory.
II.
Reading
Read the text and be ready to find
in the text the answers to the following questions:
·
What is “AUTOMATION”?
·
What are the
consequences of automation?
·
What are the possibilities
of modern means of automation?
Automation and Labour
It is a matter of common knowledge nowadays that the principal direction
of the present-day scientific and technological progress consists in the
revolution of mechanized forms of work through the automation of production.
Quite recently, only some decades ago, even the words
"automation", "automatic control" seldom appeared on the
pages of the press or scientific publications. In the early forties the
position radically changed. Soon automatic control was recognized throughout
the world to be a new, progressive, independent branch of science and
engineering. Today one cannot imagine technical progress without automation.
Automation may be defined as "the accomplishment of a job by an
integrated mechanism with a minimum assistance of any kind". In fact,
automation is the integration of four independent compounds which have been
linked together into a single process. These integral parts of automation are:
transfer machining, automatic assembly, communication engineering and control
engineering.
Emphasis should be made that automation is not a mere extension of
mechanization, but a qualitatively new step in technological development. It
brought about radical changes in the technological nature of the relationship
between man and machine. In mechanization the function of the direct effect on
the object of labour was transferred to the working mechanism. Here, man
remained the principal agent of the technological process. He retained the
functions of control, regulation, maintaining machines and direct intervention
in production process. With the advent of automation these functions were
transferred to the mechanical device. The automation of production enables man
to operate machines with the help of other machines. Now machines discharge not
only production but also intellectual, and in some cases even physiological
functions.
Our country has many thousands of comprehensively mechanized and
automated enterprises and workshops. The mechanized and automated production
lines replace or lighten the work of a tremendous number of workers. All the
hydro-power plants in the country have been completely automated. Annually
hundreds of automated control systems go into operation at industrial,
agricultural, communication, trade and transport enterprises and organizations.
Modern means of automation make it possible to link up in a single
complex the whole technological chain: machine designing, equipment and
rigging, control of a technological process, control of the whole enterprise.
This has been made possible due to the extensive development and mass
production of new types of computer technology, from large computers to
microprocessors.
Needless to say, comprehensive automation calls for material inputs and
time. But the economic effect from the release of "living labour",
the intensification of production, the higher quality of output and more
flexible technology make up
for the inputs, while, on the social plane, it gives opportunities for creative
work by both the makers of this technology and its users.
Thus, now the main trend in automation is developing not merely
automatic machines but entire technological processes and systems whose
functioning excludes the direct involvement of men.
Such automated systems, called flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are
regarded by many experts as being the
best way to meet the demands of industry. They consider the FMS to
be the future of the automated factory, or at least the minimally manned
factory.
The application of FMS
requires advanced technical know-how.
Vocabulary Notes
a matter of common knowledge ['nOlIG] — загальновідома
справа;
to consist in — полягати (в чому-небудь)
in the early ['WlI] forties — на початку сорокових (років);
emphasis ['emfqsIs] should be made — необхідно наголосити (підкреслити);
integral ['IntIgrql] part of automation ["Ltq'meISqn] — невід'ємна
частина автоматизації;
with the advent ['xdvent] of automation — з появою автоматизації;
(machines)
discharge [dIs'CRG] functions — (машини) виконують
функції;
comprehensively mechanized ["kOmprI'hensIvlI
'mekqnaIzd] and automated (enterprise) — повністю механізоване та автоматизоване (підприємство);
to go into operation — починати діяти (працювати);
needless to say... — зайве казати, не кажучи;
material input — матеріальний внесок
(витрати);
flexiblе technology ['fleksqbl tek'nOlqGI] — гнучка технологія;
to make up (for) — компенсувати, надолужувати (упущене);
release [rI'lJs] of "living labour" ['leIbq] — вивільнення робочої сили;
flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) — гнучкі автоматизовані
системи
advanced
technical know-how ['nqVhaV]— високий
технічний досвід.
Comprehension
1. Tell what sentences are true and what are false.
1). Soon automatic assembly line was recognized throughout the world to
be a new, progressive, independent branch of science and engineering. 2). In
fact, automation is the integration of two mingled compounds which have been
linked together into a single process. 3). Emphasis should be made that
automation is a mere extension of mechanization. 4). With
the advent of automation these functions were transferred to the mechanical
device. 5). Now machines discharge only physiological functions. 6) The
mechanized and automated production lines replace or lighten the work of a
tremendous number of workers. 7) Modern means of automation make it possible to
link up in a single complex the whole technological chain: machine
manufacturing, equipment and rigging, organizing of a technological process, control of the whole production. 8) Thus, now the
main trend in automation is developing merely automatic machines and
automated processes and systems whose functioning includes the direct
involvement of men. 9. They consider the FMS to be the future of the automated
factory, or at least the minimally manned factory.
2. Choose the right answer:
1)
When did the words “automation”, “automatic control” appear on the pages of the
press or scientific publications?
a) yesterday;
b) last year;
c) some decades ago;
d) in the Middle Ages.
2)
Where did man remain the principal agent of the technological process?
a) in automation;
b) in science;
c) in manufacturing;
d) in mechanization.
3)
What plants in the country have been completely automated?
a)
car-building plants;
b)
hydro-power plants;
c) metallurgical plants;
d)
ship- building plants.
4)
What makes it possible to link up in a single complex the whole technological
chain?
a) means of transportation;
b) means of engineering;
c) means of automation;
d) means of communication.
5) What
does comprehensive automation call for?
a) intensification of production;
b) technological process;
c) automated processes;
d) material inputs and time.
3.
Complete the sentences:
1)The principal direction of the
present-day scientific and technological progress consists in… . 2)
Automation may be defined as … . 3) The integral parts
of automation are … . 4) In mechanization the function
of the direct effect on the object of labour was transferred to … . 5)The automation of
production enables man to … . 6) The mechanized and automated production lines
replace … . 7). Modern means of automation make it
possible to link up in a single complex … . 8).
Comprehensive automation calls for … . 9). Now the
main trend in automation is … . 10). Flexible
manufacturing systems (FMS) are regarded by many experts as … .
4. Answer the questions:
1) What
is the principal direction of the present-day scientific and technological
progress? 2) Can one imagine technical progress today without automation? 3) What
is automation? 4) Did the words "automation", "automatic
control" appear recently or long ago? 5) What is the difference between
mechanization an automation? 6) What are the integral parts of automation? 7) What does modern automation
mean? 8) What is the basis of automation? 9) What is the economic effect of
automation?
5. Find as quickly as possible and read out the
sentences containing the following important information:
*6. Try to tell the gist of the text.
Word Study
1. Give Ukrainian
equivalents of the following.
Nowadays, principal, direction, to consist,
mechanized forms of work, some decades ago, throughout the world, branch of
science, integration, parts of automation, automatic assembly, extension,
qualitatively new step, radical changes, the principal agent, maintaining,
mechanical device, to enable, to lighten the work, tremendous, means of
automation, output, creative work, demands of industry.
2. Give English
equivalents of the following.
Головний напрямок, технологічний прогрес, механізовані форми роботи, рідко,
визнавати в усьому світі, незалежна галузь науки, єдиний процес, якісно новий
крок, радикальні зміни, об’єкт праці, з появою автоматизації, психологічні
функції, підприємство, механізовані та автоматизовані виробничі лінії,
полегшувати роботу, щорічно, торгові та транспортні підприємства, засоби
автоматизації, системи контролю, обладнання, вимагати, компенсувати витрати,
творча робота, вимоги промисловості, застосування гнучких автоматизованих
систем.
3. Match the words in A with their synonyms in B:
A B
Principal work
Seldom publications
Independent rarely
Mechanism comprehensively
tremendous number to call for
articles main
job free
absolutely device
to demand great amount
4. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box in the appropriate form.
To lighten/automatic assembly/ FM/, automatic control/
to retain/ to demand
1). … is a progressive independent branch of science and
engineering. 2). The integral parts of automation are: transfer machining, …, communication engineering and control engineering. 3). The man … the functions of control, regulation, maintaining
machines and direct intervention in production process. 4) The mechanized and
automated production lines … the work of a tremendous number of workers. 5). The comprehensive automation … material inputs and time. 6).
The experts consider the … to be the future of the
automated factory.
5.
Translate sentences into English using words and word combinations from the
Vocabulary Notes.
1). Автоматизація
— шлях до інтенсифікації виробництва. 2).
У світі
здійснюється широка програма автоматизації виробництва в різних галузях
промисловості. 3). Сьогодні вже діє на основі ЕОМ
багато тисяч автоматизованих і автоматичних систем управління (АСУ). 4). Сучасні умови роботи в промисловості часто роблять
неможливим ручне (неавтоматизоване) управління виробничими процесами. 5). АСУ керують різними технологічними процесами на
промислових підприємствах, в установах. Вони також виконують завдання
економічного забезпечення та контролю виробництва, здійснюють різні вимірювання
та дослідження виготовленої продукції. 6).
Автоматизація
полегшує працю людини, створює умови для її творчості й всебічного гармонійного
розвитку.
Grammar in Use
1.
Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “since ”:
Note: since
cj –
1) оскільки
2) з того часу як
since prep – з,
після
since adv – з того часу, тому назад
1. Since the first rocket appeared many
changes have taken place in this field of science. 2. The unit of measure for
frequency is seconds since time is the only unit
of measure. 3. Since the jet engine is a powerful source of
energy, it is widely used for machines
flying at supersonic speed 4. Many other discoveries have been made since radioactivity was discovered. 5.
Oxygen has been known since the 18th
century. 6. Copper is the metal commonly used as a conductor since it combines high conductivity with
comparatively low cost. 6. Since the time of Galileo and
2.
State parts of speech the words
in bold type belong to. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian taking into
account different meanings of the word
“provide”:
Note: provide v – забезпечувати,
давати
to provide for – передбачати
provided (that) cj – при умові, що;
якщо тільки
providing cj - при умові, що;
якщо тільки
1.
This investigation provided new methods for creating new synthetic materials. 2. Provided this
synthetic fibre is cheap, it will be widely used in the manufacture of many
products. 3. When you are separating pure substance from a mixture you must provide for
possible mistake. 4. Provided we are given all necessary instruments we will be able to continue our
investigations. 5. Sometimes a graphical representation of data can provide you
with a particularly valuable piece of information. 6. This laboratory provided with
up-to-date equipment solves many important problems. 7. As an outstanding
advantage, polyesters provide a good combination of mechanical and electrical properties
at relatively low cost. 8. Provided we use the necessary instruments, the
measurements will always be correct.
3. Complete the article. Use but,
although or however.
Bill Gates became interested in computers at school although in those days they weren’t very common. When he
left school, he went to
Additional Text
(for individual work)
Read and translate the text.
Automated Production Lines
An
automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a
transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed
automation, since these lines are set up for long production runs, making large
number of product units and running for several years between changeovers. Each
station is designed to perform a specific processing operation, so that the
part or product is constructed stepwise as it progresses along the line. A raw
work part enters at one end of the line, proceeds through each workstation and
appears at the other end as a completed product. In the normal operation of the
line, there is a work part being processed at each station, so that many parts
are being processed simultaneously and a finished part is produced with each
cycle of the line. The various operations, part transfers, and other activities
taking place on an automated transfer line must all be sequenced and
coordinated properly for the line to operate efficiently.
Modern
automated lines are controlled by programmable logic controllers, which are
special computers that can perform timing and sequencing functions required to
operate such equipment. Automated production lines are utilized in many
industries, mostly automobile, where they are used for processes such as
machining and pressworking.
Machining
is a manufacturing process in which metal is removed by a cutting or shaping
tool, so that the remaining work part is the desired shape. Machinery and motor
components are usually made by this process. In many cases, multiple operations
are required to completely shape the part. If the part is mass-produced, an
automated transfer line is often the most economical method of production. Many
separate operations are divided among the workstations.
Pressworking
operations involve the cutting and forming of parts from sheet metal. Examples
of such parts include automobile body panels, outer shells of laundry machines
and metal furniture More than one processing step is often required to complete
a complicated part. Several presses are connected together in sequence by
handling mechanisms that transfer the partially completed parts from one press
to the next, thus creating an automated pressworking line.
1. Divide the text
into the logical parts and give a title to each one.
2. Put questions to
the text.
3. Discuss it with
your groupmates.